Comprehensive CONTRIBUTING.md (#2040)

[**RENDERED**](https://github.com/alice-i-cecile/bevy/blob/better-contributing/CONTRIBUTING.md)

Improves #910. As discussed in #1309, we'll need to synchronize content between this and the Bevy website in some way (and clean up the .github file perhaps?).

I think doing it as a root-directory file is nicer for discovery, but that's a conversation I'm interested in having.

This document is intended to be helpful to beginners to open source and Bevy, and captures what I've learned about our informal practices and values.

Reviewers: I'm particularly interested in:
- opinions on the items **What we're trying to build**, where I discuss some of the project's high-level values and goals
- more relevant details on the `bevy` subcrates for **Getting oriented**
- useful tricks and best practices that I missed
- better guidance on how to contribute to the Bevy book from @cart <3

Author: alice-i-cecile

.gitattributes

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+# From: https://docs.github.com/en/github/getting-started-with-github/configuring-git-to-handle-line-endings
+# Set the default behavior, in case people don't have core.autocrlf set.
+* text=auto
+
+# Explicitly declare text files you want to always be normalized and converted
+# to native line endings on checkout.
+*.rs text eof=lf
+*.toml text eof=lf
+*.frag text
+*.vert text
+
+# Declare files that will always have CRLF line endings on checkout.
+*.sln text eol=crlf
+
+# Denote all files that are truly binary and should not be modified.
+*.png binary
+*.jpg binary
+*.ttf binary

.github/CONTRIBUTING.md

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+# Style guide: Engine
+
+For more advice on contributing to the engine, see the [relevant section](../../CONTRIBUTING.md#Contributing-your-own-ideas) of CONTRIBUTING.md.
+
+1. Prefer granular imports over glob imports of `bevy::prelude::*` and `bevy::sub_crate::*`.
+2. Use a consistent comment style:
+   1. `///` doc comments belong above `#[derive(Trait)]` invocations.
+   2. `//` comments should generally go above the line in question, rather than in-line.
+   3. Avoid `/* */` block comments, even when writing long comments.
+   4. Use \`variable_name\` code blocks in comments to signify that you're referring to specific types and variables.
+   5. Start comments with capital letters. End them with a period if they are sentence-like.
+3. Use comments to organize long and complex stretches of code that can't sensibly be refactored into separate functions.

.github/contributing/engine_style_guide.md

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+# Style guide: Examples
+
+For more advice on writing examples, see the [relevant section](../../CONTRIBUTING.md#writing-examples) of CONTRIBUTING.md.
+
+## Organization
+
+1. Examples should live in an appropriate subfolder of `/examples`.
+2. Examples should be a single file if possible.
+3. Assets live in `./assets`. Try to avoid adding new assets unless strictly necessary to keep the repo small. Don't add "large" asset files.
+4. Each example should try to follow this order:
+   1. Imports
+   2. A `fn main()` block
+   3. Example logic
+   4. \[Optional\] Tests
+5. Try to structure app / plugin construction in the same fashion as the actual code.
+
+## Stylistic preferences
+
+1. Use simple, descriptive variable names.
+   1. Avoid names like `MyComponent` in favor of more descriptive terms like `Events`.
+   2. Prefer single letter differentiators like `EventsA` and `EventsB` to nonsense words like `EventsFoo` and `EventsBar`.
+   3. Avoid repeating the type of variables in their name where possible. For example, `Color` should be preferred to `ColorComponent`.
+2. Prefer glob imports of `bevy::prelude::*` and `bevy::sub_crate::*` over granular imports (for terseness).
+3. Use a consistent comment style:
+   1. `///` doc comments belong above `#[derive(Trait)]` invocations.
+   2. `//` comments should generally go above the line in question, rather than in-line.
+   3. Avoid `/* */` block comments, even when writing long comments.
+   4. Use \`variable_name\` code blocks in comments to signify that you're referring to specific types and variables.
+   5. Start comments with capital letters; end them with a period if they are sentence-like.
+4. Use comments to organize long and complex stretches of code that can't sensibly be refactored into separate functions.
+5. Avoid making variables `pub` unless it is needed for your example.
+
+## Code conventions
+
+1. Refactor configurable values ("magic numbers") out into constants with clear names.
+2. Prefer `for` loops over `.for_each`. The latter is faster (for now), but it is less clear for beginners, less idiomatic, and less flexible.
+3. Use `.single` and `.single_mut` where appropriate.
+4. In Queries, prefer `With<T>` filters over actually fetching unused data with `&T`.
+5. Prefer disjoint queries using `With` and `Without` over query sets when you need more than one query in a single system.
+6. Prefer structs with named fields over tuple structs except in the case of single-field wrapper types.
+7. Use enum-labels over string-labels for system / stage / etc. labels.
+
+## "Feature" examples
+
+These examples demonstrate the usage of specific engine features in clear, minimal ways.
+
+1. Focus on demonstrating exactly one feature in an example
+2. Try to keep your names divorced from the context of a specific game, and focused on the feature you are demonstrating.
+3. Where they exist, show good alternative approaches to accomplish the same task and explain why you may prefer one over the other.
+4. Examples should have a visible effect when run, either in the command line or a graphical window.
+
+## "Game" examples
+
+These examples show how to build simple games in Bevy in a cohesive way.
+
+1. Each of these examples lives in the [/examples/games] folder.
+2. Aim for minimum but viable status: the game should be playable and not obviously buggy but does not need to be polished, featureful, or terribly fun.
+3. Focus on code quality and demonstrating good, extensible patterns for users.
+   1. Make good use of enums and states to organize your game logic.
+   2. Keep components as small as possible but no smaller: all of the data on a component should generally be accessed at once.
+   3. Keep systems small: they should have a clear single purpose.
+   4. Avoid duplicating logic across similar entities whenever possible by sharing systems and components.
+4. Use `///` doc comments to explain what each function / struct does as if the example were part of a polished production codebase.
+5. Arrange your code into modules within the same file to allow for simple code folding / organization.