Awesome-Urban-LLM-Agents

An Awesome Collection of Urban LLM Agents.

Outline

Awesome-Urban-LLM-Agents

Agent-Centric Perspective

Urban Sensing

Sensing Modalities

(arXiv'2024.01) Towards Urban General Intelligence: A Review and Outlook of Urban Foundation Models [paper] [repo]
(Information Fusion'2025) Deep Learning for Cross-Domain Data Fusion in Urban Computing: Taxonomy, Advances, and Outlook [paper] [repo]
(TIST'2014) Urban Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, and Applications [paper]

Semantic Unification

Modality-to-text translation

(arXiv'2024.05) Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Next Location Predictors [paper]
(SIGIR'2024) Large Language Models for Next Point-of-Interest Recommendation [paper] [code]
(NeurIPS'2023) Large Language Models Are Zero-Shot Time Series Forecasters [paper] [code]
(arXiv'2023.04) On the Opportunities and Challenges of Foundation Models for Geospatial Artificial Intelligence [paper] [code]

Cross-modal alignment

(arXiv'2025.02) Time-VLM: Exploring Multimodal Vision-Language Models for Augmented Time Series Forecasting [paper]
(NSR'2025) A Survey on Multimodal Large Language Models [paper] [repo]
(AAAI'2025) UrbanVLP: Multi-Granularity Vision-Language Pretraining for Urban Socioeconomic Indicator Prediction [paper] [code]
(KDD'2025) MM-Path: Multi-modal, Multi-granularity Path Representation Learning [paper] [code]
(KDD'2024) UrbanGPT: Spatio-Temporal Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(KDD'2024) ReFound: Crafting a Foundation Model for Urban Region Understanding upon Language and Visual Foundations [paper] [code]
(WWW'2024) UrbanCLIP: Learning Text-enhanced Urban Region Profiling with Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining from the Web [paper] [code]

Tool-assisted processing

(arXiv'2024.11) GIS Copilot: Towards an Autonomous GIS Agent for Spatial Analysis [paper] [code]
(Transport Policy'2024) TrafficGPT: Viewing, Processing and Interacting with Traffic Foundation Models [paper] [code]

Memory Management

Memory Acquisition

Operational state memory

(arXiv'2025.03) CoLLMLight: Cooperative Large Language Model Agents for Network-Wide Traffic Signal Control [paper] [code]
(arXiv'2024.10) TrajAgent: An Agent Framework for Unified Trajectory Modelling [paper] [code]
(NAACL'2025) AgentMove: A Large Language Model based Agentic Framework for Zero-shot Next Location Prediction [paper] [code]
(KDD'2025) LLMLight: Large Language Models as Traffic Signal Control Agents [paper] [code]

Geospatial map memory

(arXiv'2025.02) Spatial-RAG: Spatial Retrieval Augmented Generation for Real-World Spatial Reasoning Questions [paper]
(arXiv'2024.06) CityGPT: Empowering Urban Spatial Cognition of Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(Transport Policy'2024) TrafficGPT: Viewing, Processing and Interacting with Traffic Foundation Models [paper] [code]

Vector database memory

(arXiv'2024.02) PlanGPT: Enhancing Urban Planning with Tailored Language Model and Efficient Retrieval [paper]
(EMNLP'2024) ItiNera: Integrating Spatial Optimization with Large Language Models for Open-domain Urban Itinerary Planning [paper] [code]
(VLDBJ'2024) Survey of Vector Database Management Systems [paper]

Knowledge graph memory

(NeurIPS'2024) UrbanKGent: A Unified Large Language Model Agent Framework for Urban Knowledge Graph Construction [paper] [code]
(NeurIPS'2023) UUKG: Unified Urban Knowledge Graph Dataset for Urban Spatiotemporal Prediction [paper] [code]
(TIST'2023) UrbanKG: An Urban Knowledge Graph System [paper]

Memory Retrieval

Spatio-temporal retrieval

(CSUR'2022) A Survey on Spatio-temporal Data Analytics Systems [paper]
(ICDE'2020) JUST: JD Urban Spatio-Temporal Data Engine [paper]
(GeoInformatica'2018) ST-Hadoop: a MapReduce framework for spatio-temporal data [paper]
(SIGSPATIAL'2015) GeoSpark: a cluster computing framework for processing large-scale spatial data [paper]
(VLDB'2016) LocationSpark: A Distributed In-Memory Data Management System for Big Spatial Data [paper] [code]
(SPIE'2015) GeoMesa: a distributed architecture for spatio-temporal fusion [paper]
(TIST'2014) Urban Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, and Applications [paper]

Semantic retrieval

(arXiv'2024.02) PlanGPT: Enhancing Urban Planning with Tailored Language Model and Efficient Retrieval [paper]
(EMNLP'2024) ItiNera: Integrating Spatial Optimization with Large Language Models for Open-domain Urban Itinerary Planning [paper] [code]

Hybrid retrieval

(arXiv'2025.02) Spatial-RAG: Spatial Retrieval Augmented Generation for Real-World Spatial Reasoning Questions [paper]

Memory Utilization

(arXiv'2024.02) PlanGPT: Enhancing Urban Planning with Tailored Language Model and Efficient Retrieval [paper]
(NAACL'2025) AgentMove: A Large Language Model based Agentic Framework for Zero-shot Next Location Prediction [paper] [code]

Reasoning

Temporal Reasoning

General scenarios

(ICLR'2025) Test of Time: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Temporal Reasoning [paper] [code]
(WWW'2024) Back to the Future: Towards Explainable Temporal Reasoning with Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(CoLM'2024) Timo: Towards Better Temporal Reasoning for Language Models [paper] [code]
(ACL'2024) Living in the Moment: Can Large Language Models Grasp Co-Temporal Reasoning? [paper] [code]
(ACL'2024) TimeBench: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Temporal Reasoning Abilities in Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(ACL'2024) TRAM: Benchmarking Temporal Reasoning for Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(ACL'2023) Towards Benchmarking and Improving the Temporal Reasoning Capability of Large Language Models [paper] [code]

Urban scenarios

(AAAI'2025) ChatTime: A Unified Multimodal Time Series Foundation Model Bridging Numerical and Textual Data [paper] [code]
(NeurIPS'2024) From News to Forecast: Integrating Event Analysis in LLM-Based Time Series Forecasting with Reflection [paper] [code]
(ICLR'2024) Time-LLM: Time Series Forecasting by Reprogramming Large Language Models [paper] [code]

Spatial Reasoning

General scenarios

(arXiv'2024.12) Thinking in Space: How Multimodal Large Language Models See, Remember, and Recall Spaces [paper] [code]
(CVPR'2024) SpatialVLM: Endowing Vision-Language Models with Spatial Reasoning Capabilities [paper] [code]
(NeurIPS'2024) Mind's Eye of LLMs: Visualization-of-Thought Elicits Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(CoLM'2024) Chain-of-Symbol Prompting For Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(ACL'2024) SpaRC and SpaRP: Spatial Reasoning Characterization and Path Generation for Understanding Spatial Reasoning Capability of Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(AAAI'2024) Advancing Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Models: An In-Depth Evaluation and Enhancement Using the StepGame Benchmark [paper] [code]

Urban scenarios

(arXiv'2025.02) Spatial-RAG: Spatial Retrieval Augmented Generation for Real-World Spatial Reasoning Questions [paper]
(arXiv'2024.08) An Autonomous GIS Agent Framework for Geospatial Data Retrieval [paper] [code]
(arXiv'2024.06) CityGPT: Empowering Urban Spatial Cognition of Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(arXiv'2024.03) LAMP: A Language Model on the Map [paper] [code]
(KDD'2025) LLMLight: Large Language Models as Traffic Signal Control Agents [paper] [code]
(EMNLP'2024) ItiNera: Integrating Spatial Optimization with Large Language Models for Open-domain Urban Itinerary Planning [paper] [code]

Spatio-Temporal Reasoning

(arXiv'2025.03) CoLLMLight: Cooperative Large Language Model Agents for Network-Wide Traffic Signal Control [paper] [code]
(arXiv'2024.05) TravelAgent: An AI Assistant for Personalized Travel Planning [paper]
(arXiv'2024.05) CityGPT: Towards Urban IoT Learning, Analysis and Interaction with Multi-Agent System [paper]
(NAACL'2025) AgentMove: A Large Language Model based Agentic Framework for Zero-shot Next Location Prediction [paper] [code]
(EMNLP'2024) UrbanLLM: Autonomous Urban Activity Planning and Management with Large Language Models [paper]
(Transport Policy'2024) TrafficGPT: Viewing, Processing and Interacting with Traffic Foundation Models [paper] [code]

Execution

Single Agent Execution

Software control

(arXiv'2024.08) An Autonomous GIS Agent Framework for Geospatial Data Retrieval [paper] [code]
(arXiv'2024.05) TravelAgent: An AI Assistant for Personalized Travel Planning [paper]
(arXiv'2024.03) LAMP: A Language Model on the Map [paper] [code]
(arXiv'2024.02) PlanGPT: Enhancing Urban Planning with Tailored Language Model and Efficient Retrieval [paper]
(NeurIPS'2024) UrbanKGent: A Unified Large Language Model Agent Framework for Urban Knowledge Graph Construction [paper] [code]
(EMNLP'2024) UrbanLLM: Autonomous Urban Activity Planning and Management with Large Language Models [paper]
(EMNLP'2024) ItiNera: Integrating Spatial Optimization with Large Language Models for Open-domain Urban Itinerary Planning [paper] [code]

Hardware control

(arXiv‘2025.03) CoLLMLight: Cooperative Large Language Model Agents for Network-Wide Traffic Signal Control [paper] [code]
(arXiv'2024.07) iLLM-TSC: Integration reinforcement learning and large language model for traffic signal control policy improvement [paper] [code]
(KDD'2025) LLMLight: Large Language Models as Traffic Signal Control Agents [paper] [code]
(IJMLC'2024) Open-TI: Open Traffic Intelligence with Augmented Language Model [paper]

Mutli-Agent Collaboration

Implicit coordination

(arXiv‘2025.02) AgentSociety: Large-Scale Simulation of LLM-Driven Generative Agents Advances Understanding of Human Behaviors and Society [paper] [code]
(arXiv‘2024.10) OpenCity: A Scalable Platform to Simulate Urban Activities with Massive LLM Agents [paper]
(arXiv‘2023.12) Urban Generative Intelligence (UGI): A Foundational Platform for Agents in Embodied City Environment [paper]

Explicit coordination

(arXiv‘2025.03) CoLLMLight: Cooperative Large Language Model Agents for Network-Wide Traffic Signal Control [paper] [code]
(arXiv'2024.05) CityGPT: Towards Urban IoT Learning, Analysis and Interaction with Multi-Agent System [paper]

Human-Agent Collaboration

Process intervention

(arXiv'2024.05) TravelAgent: An AI Assistant for Personalized Travel Planning [paper]
(arXiv'2024.02) Large Language Model for Participatory Urban Planning [paper]
(Transport Policy'2024) TrafficGPT: Viewing, Processing and Interacting with Traffic Foundation Models [paper] [code]
(CAI'2024) LLM-Assisted Crisis Management: Building Advanced LLM Platforms for Effective Emergency Response and Public Collaboration [paper]

Post-hoc evaluation

(NeurIPS'2024) UrbanKGent: A Unified Large Language Model Agent Framework for Urban Knowledge Graph Construction [paper] [code]
(EMNLP'2024) UrbanLLM: Autonomous Urban Activity Planning and Management with Large Language Models [paper]

Learning

Learning from Sythetic Data

Vanilla instruction generation

(arXiv'2024.02) PlanGPT: Enhancing Urban Planning with Tailored Language Model and Efficient Retrieval [paper]
(EMNLP'2024) UrbanLLM: Autonomous Urban Activity Planning and Management with Large Language Models [paper]
(arXiv'2024.06) Chain-of-Planned-Behaviour Workflow Elicits Few-Shot Mobility Generation in LLMs [paper]

Advanced reasoning augmentation

(NeurIPS'2024) UrbanKGent: A Unified Large Language Model Agent Framework for Urban Knowledge Graph Construction [paper] [code]
(arXiv‘2023.12) Urban Generative Intelligence (UGI): A Foundational Platform for Agents in Embodied City Environment [paper]
(arXiv'2024.10) TrajAgent: An Agent Framework for Unified Trajectory Modelling [paper] [code]

Learning from Environmental Feedback

Simulation-based feedback

(arXiv'2024.07) iLLM-TSC: Integration reinforcement learning and large language model for traffic signal control policy improvement [paper] [code]
(KDD'2025) LLMLight: Large Language Models as Traffic Signal Control Agents [paper] [code]
(arXiv‘2025.03) CoLLMLight: Cooperative Large Language Model Agents for Network-Wide Traffic Signal Control [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202502) DiMA: An LLM-Powered Ride-Hailing Assistant at DiDi [paper]

Real-world feedback

(COMPSAC'2024) WatchOverGPT: A Framework for Real-Time Crime Detection and Response Using Wearable Camera and Large Language Model [paper]

Application-Centric Perspective

LLM Agents for Urban Planning

Central Planning

(arXiv'202402) PlanGPT: Enhancing Urban Planning with Tailored Language Model and Efficient Retrieval [paper]
(arXiv'202406) City-LEO: Toward Transparent City Management Using LLM with End-to-End Optimization [paper]
(Sustainable Cities and Society'2024) Large language model as parking planning agent in the context of mixed period of autonomous vehicles and Human-Driven vehicles [paper]
(arXiv'202504) UrbanPlanBench: A Comprehensive Urban Planning Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models [paper]
(Smart Cities'2025) LLM Agents for Smart City Management: Enhancing Decision Support Through Multi-Agent AI Systems [paper] [code]

Participatory Planning

(arXiv'202402) Large Language Model for Participatory Urban Planning [paper]
(arXiv'202412) Adaptive Urban Planning: A Hybrid Framework for Balanced City Development [paper]
(AAAI AI4UP Workshop'2025) Planning, Living and Judging: A Multi-agent LLM-based Framework for Cyclical Urban Planning [paper]

LLM Agents for Transportation System

Infrastructure Optimization

Traffic analytics

(IJMLC'2024) Open-TI: Open Traffic Intelligence with Augmented Language Model [paper]
(arXiv'202412) TransitGPT: A Generative AI-based framework for interacting with GTFS data using Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(Transport Policy'2024) TrafficGPT: Viewing, Processing and Interacting with Traffic Foundation Models [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202405) CityGPT: Towards Urban IoT Learning, Analysis and Interaction with Multi-Agent System [paper]

Traffic control

(arXiv'202407) iLLM-TSC: Integration reinforcement learning and large language model for traffic signal control policy improvement [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202408) LLM Powered Sim-to-real Transfer for Traffic Signal Control [paper]
(KDD'2025) LLMLight: Large Language Models as Traffic Signal Control Agents [paper] [code]
(arXiv‘20503) CoLLMLight: Cooperative Large Language Model Agents for Network-Wide Traffic Signal Control [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202406) LLM-assisted light: Leveraging large language model capabilities for human-mimetic traffic signal control in complex urban environments [paper][code]

Human-centric Services

Navigation and routing

(arXiv'202407) TraveLLM: Could you plan my new public transit route in face of a network disruption? [paper]
(arXiv'202504) TP-RAG: Benchmarking Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Model Agents for Spatiotemporal-Aware Travel Planning [paper]
(arXiv'202411) LAMP: A language model on the map [paper][code]
(IEEE DOCS'24) Research on Travel Route Planning Optimization based on Large Language Model [paper]
(arXiv'202412) Generative agents in the streets: Exploring the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in collecting urban perceptions [paper]
(The Innovation) Can language models be used for real-world urban-delivery route optimization? [paper]

On-demand mobility services

(arXiv'202412) GARLIC: GPT-Augmented Reinforcement Learning with Intelligent Control for Vehicle Dispatching [paper]
(arXiv'202502) DiMA: An LLM-Powered Ride-Hailing Assistant at DiDi [paper]

LLM Agents for Environmental Sustainability

Energy Management

(ACL'2025) LLM4DistReconfig: A Fine-tuned Large Language Model for Power Distribution Network Reconfiguration [paper]
(Scientific Reports'2025) A large language model for advanced power dispatch [paper]
(ICLR'2024) Time-LLM: Time Series Forecasting by Reprogramming Large Language Models [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202411) EF-LLM: Energy Forecasting LLM with AI-assisted Automation, Enhanced Sparse Prediction, Hallucination Detection [paper]

Pollution Control

(Smart Cities'2025) LLM Agents for Smart City Management: Enhancing Decision Support Through Multi-Agent AI Systems [paper]
(arXiv'202412) Generative agents in the streets: Exploring the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in collecting urban perceptions [paper]
(ICPADS'2024) LLMAir: Adaptive Reprogramming Large Language Model for Air Quality Prediction [paper]
(arXiv'202503) Instructor-Worker Large Language Model System for Policy Recommendation: a Case Study on Air Quality Analysis of the January 2025 Los Angeles Wildfires [paper]

Climate Adaptation

(arXiv'202110) Climatebert: A pretrained language model for climate-related text [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202401) ClimateGPT: Towards AI Synthesizing Interdisciplinary Research on Climate Change [paper] [code]
(Communications Earth & Environment'2023) ChatClimate: Grounding conversational AI in climate science [paper]
(ICLR'2025) ClimaQA: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Climate Question Answering Models [paper] [code]

LLM Agents for Public Safety

Crime Prevention

(FSIDI'2025) Exploring the potential of large language models for improving digital forensic investigation efficiency [paper]
(ICAART'2025) CriX: Intersection of Crime, Demographics and Explainable AI [paper]
(COMPSAC'2024) WatchOverGPT: A Framework for Real-Time Crime Detection and Response Using Wearable Camera and Large Language Model [paper]

Emergency Response

(ICFTIC'2024) Multi-Agent Enhanced Complex Decision-Making Support Framework: An Urban Emergency Case Study [paper]
(IEEE CAI'2024) Llm-assisted crisis management: Building advanced llm platforms for effective emergency response and public collaboration [paper]

Public Opinion Management

(arXiv'202503) Invisible Walls in Cities: Leveraging Large Language Models to Predict Urban Segregation Experience with Social Media Content [paper]
(International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction'2024) Enhanced earthquake impact analysis based on social media texts via large language model [paper]
(Geo-Inf'2024) A question and answering service of typhoon disasters based on the t5 large language model [paper]
(ICAICE'23) Unleashing the Potential of Large Language Model: Zero-shot VQA for Flood Disaster Scenario [paper]
(IARRC'2024) The Role of Large Language Models for Decision Support in Fire Safety Planning [paper]

LLM Agents for Urban Society

Human Mobility

(NeurIPS'2024) Large Language Models as Urban Residents: An LLM Agent Framework for Personal Mobility Generation [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202402) Chain-of-Planned-Behaviour Workflow Elicits Few-Shot Mobility Generation in LLMs [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202407) Be More Real: Travel Diary Generation Using LLM Agents and Individual Profiles [paper]
(arXiv'202502) TrajLLM: A Modular LLM-Enhanced Agent-Based Framework for Realistic Human Trajectory Simulation [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202308) Where Would I Go Next? Large Language Models as Human Mobility Predictors [paper] [code]
(NAACL'2025) AgentMove: A Large Language Model based Agentic Framework for Zero-shot Next Location Prediction [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202410) TrajAgent: An Agent Framework for Unified Trajectory Modelling [paper]

Social-Economic Activity

(UIST'2023) Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior [paper] [code]
(EMNLP'2023) Humanoid Agents: Platform for Simulating Human-like Generative Agents [paper] [code]
(ICLR'2025) Simulating Human-like Daily Activities with Desire-driven Autonomy [paper] [code]
(ACL'2024) EconAgent: Large Language Model-Empowered Agents for Simulating Macroeconomic Activities [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202307) Epidemic Modeling with Generative Agents [paper] [code]
(AAMAS'2025) On the limits of agency in agent-based models [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202410) OpenCity: A Scalable Platform to Simulate Urban Activities with Massive LLM Agents [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202502) AgentSociety: Large-Scale Simulation of LLM-Driven Generative Agents Advances Understanding of Human Behaviors and Society [paper] [code]

Public Survey

(AIES'24) LLM Voting: Human Choices and AI Collective Decision-Making [paper] [code]
(SIGSPATIAL'2024) Urban Mobility Assessment Using LLMs [paper] [code]
(arXiv'202411) Generative Agent Simulations of 1,000 People [paper] [code]

Trustworthiness of Urban LLM Agents

Safety

(KDD'2023) Robust Spatiotemporal Traffic Forecasting with Reinforced Dynamic Adversarial Training [paper]
(arXiv'202306) Prompt Injection Attack against LLM-Integrated Applications [paper]
(arXiv'202406) Adversarial Tuning: Defending Against Jailbreak Attacks for LLMs [paper]ience/article/pii/S2210670724007649)]
(PLOS ONE'2015) Spatiotemporal Detection of Unusual Human Population Behavior Using Mobile Phone Data [paper]
(Signal Processing'2022) GLOSS: Tensor-Based Anomaly Detection in Spatiotemporal Urban Traffic Data [paper]

Fairness

(Data-Smart City Solutions'2018) Algorithmic Fairness: Tackling Bias in City Algorithms [paper]
(NeurIPS'2017) Counterfactual Fairness [paper]
(TOIS'2024) Dynamic Fairness-Aware Recommendation Through Multi-Agent Social Choice [paper]

Accountability

(arXiv'202501) Towards Preventing Overreliance on Task-Oriented Conversational AI Through Accountability Modeling [paper]
(arXiv'202504) Inherent and Emergent Liability Issues in LLM-Based Agentic Systems: A Principal-Agent Perspective [paper]

Privacy

(IEEE Communications Magazine'2017) Security and Privacy in Smart City Applications: Challenges and Solutions [paper]
(ACM Transactions on Management of Data'2023) A Neural Approach to Spatio-Temporal Data Release with User-Level Differential Privacy [paper]
(arXiv'202210) Composition of Differential Privacy & Privacy Amplification by Subsampling [paper]
(CCS'2013) Geo-Indistinguishability: Differential Privacy for Location-Based Systems [paper]
(arXiv'202504) Urban Computing in the Era of Large Language Models [paper]

Performance Evaluation

(arXiv'202406) CityBench: Evaluating the Capabilities of Large Language Model as World Model [paper]
(arXiv'202406) STBench: Assessing the Ability of Large Language Models in Spatio-Temporal Analysis [paper]
(AAAI'2025) UrBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Large Multimodal Models in Multi-View Urban Scenarios [paper]
(OpenReview'2025) UrbanPlanBench: A Comprehensive Assessment of Urban Planning Abilities in Large Language Models [paper]

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