Control Statements

C# Control Statements

Control statements in C# determine the flow of execution in a program based on conditions or loops. They allow decision-making, branching, and iteration.

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Types of Control Statements

1. Conditional Statements

Used to execute specific code blocks based on a condition.

Statement	Description	Example
if	Executes if the condition is true.	if (x > 10) { Console.WriteLine("Yes"); }
else	Executes if the if condition is false.	else { Console.WriteLine("No"); }
else if	Tests another condition if previous if is false.	else if (x == 5) { ... }
switch	Selects one case to execute.	switch (choice) { case 1: ... break; }

Example:

int x = 10;
if (x > 15) {
    Console.WriteLine("Greater than 15");
} else if (x == 10) {
    Console.WriteLine("Equal to 10"); // Output: Equal to 10
} else {
    Console.WriteLine("Less than 10");
}

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2. Looping Statements

Used to execute a block of code multiple times.

Statement	Description	Example
for	Loops a set number of times.	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { ... }
while	Loops while the condition is true.	while (x < 10) { ... }
do-while	Executes first, then checks the condition.	do { ... } while (x < 10);
foreach	Iterates over a collection.	foreach (var item in list) { ... }

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
    Console.WriteLine($"Count: {i}");
}
// Output: Count: 1 to Count: 5

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3. Jump Statements

Alter the normal flow of execution.

Statement	Description	Example
break	Exits a loop or switch statement.	if (i == 5) break;
continue	Skips the current iteration and continues.	if (i % 2 == 0) continue;
return	Exits the method and optionally returns a value.	return x;
goto	Transfers control to a labeled statement.	goto Label; Label: ...;

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
    if (i == 5) break; // Exits loop when i is 5
    Console.WriteLine(i);
}
// Output: 1 to 4

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4. Exception Handling Statements

Handle errors during runtime.

Statement	Description	Example
try	Encapsulates code that may throw an exception.	try { int x = 10 / 0; }
catch	Handles exceptions thrown by try.	catch (Exception ex) { ... }
finally	Executes code regardless of exceptions.	finally { Console.WriteLine("End"); }

Example:

try {
    int result = 10 / 0; // Throws DivideByZeroException
} catch (DivideByZeroException ex) {
    Console.WriteLine("Cannot divide by zero.");
} finally {
    Console.WriteLine("Execution completed.");
}
// Output: Cannot divide by zero. Execution completed.

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5. Selection Statements

Redirect execution based on conditions.

Statement	Description	Example
if-else	Executes code based on a true/false condition.	if (x > 10) { ... } else { ... }
switch	Executes one of many possible cases.	switch (value) { case 1: ... }

Example:

int day = 3;
switch (day) {
    case 1: Console.WriteLine("Monday"); break;
    case 2: Console.WriteLine("Tuesday"); break;
    default: Console.WriteLine("Other day"); // Output: Other day
}

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Summary

• Conditional Statements: Control execution flow (if, else, switch).
• Looping Statements: Repeat actions (for, while, foreach).
• Jump Statements: Change flow (break, continue, return).
• Exception Handling: Handle runtime errors (try, catch, finally).
• Selection Statements: Branching based on multiple conditions.

Control statements are crucial for managing the logical flow of a program, enabling it to handle conditions, repeat tasks, and manage errors effectively.