Everyone in the industry knows that information security is not just about cyber security. Information security also requires physical security: if you don't put a lock on your server room door, anyone can just walk right in. But there's also a requirement for cognitive (or psychological) security: the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information can be affected by attacks against human cognition, such as social engineering and influence operations, among others.
Moreover, in the same way that physical and cyber security have raisons d'être outside the CIA of information, so too does cognitive security. These three dimensions can also be used in tandem by threat actors: for example, a cognitive vulnerability may be exploited to gain access to a computer system (aka social engineering) or a cyber attack may be used to cause physical damage to an asset (aka "physical effects", see: Stuxnet).
Cognitive threat intelligence is analogous to cyber threat intelligence and related concepts in physical security like threat assessment, protective intelligence, and situational awareness (that might as well be lumped together under the heading of physical threat intelligence).
Resources to help with investigating and countering cognitive threats.
- https://www.skopenow.com/news/navigating-false-information-during-osint?
- https://www.osintcombine.com/post/investigating-spam-and-clickbait-networks
- GIJN: https://gijn.org/stories/guide-investigating-digital-ad-libraries/
- Digital Investigations (Substack): https://digitalinvestigations.substack.com/p/a-guide-to-investigating-digital
- OSINT Combine Inauthentic Content Analysis Map
- Information Laundromat: https://informationlaundromat.com/
- https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/fake-news-debunker-by-inv/mhccpoafgdgbhnjfhkcmgknndkeenfhe
- https://openmeasures.io/
- https://github.com/lknik/infoop-exposure-matrix
- https://dad-cdm.org/
- Binding Hook: https://bindinghook.com/articles-binding-edge/the-mechanisms-of-cyber-enabled-information-campaigning/
- Binding Hook: https://bindinghook.com/articles-hooked-on-trends/the-rise-of-deepfakes-beyond-social-media/
- FDD: https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/28/cognitive-combat/
- ISD: https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/hoodwinked-coordinated-inauthentic-behaviour-on-facebook/
- Grey Dynamics: https://greydynamics.com/information-operations-israels-digital-siege-in-the-gaza-conflict/
- Grey Dynamics: https://greydynamics.com/fake-news-misinformation-vs-disinformation/
- Grey Dynamics: https://greydynamics.com/cognitive-vulnerabilities-information-warfare-then-vs-now/
- NATO: https://www.act.nato.int/activities/cognitive-warfare/
- NATO: https://www.act.nato.int/article/cognitive-warfare-strengthening-and-defending-the-mind/
- Lawfare: https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/the-misbegotten-war-against-curation
- NATO: https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/05/20/countering-cognitive-warfare-awareness-and-resilience/index.html
- The Defence Horizon Journal: https://tdhj.org/blog/post/on-cognitive-warfare-the-anatomy-of-disinformation/
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359991886_Cognitive_Warfare_The_Advent_of_the_Concept_of_Cognitics_in_the_Field_of_Warfare
- https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2023/april/cognitive-warfare-maneuvering-human-dimension
- https://warontherocks.com/2022/07/the-future-of-chinas-cognitive-warfare-lessons-from-the-war-in-ukraine/
- https://warontherocks.com/2022/08/win-the-war-before-the-war-a-french-perspective-on-cognitive-warfare/
- https://kyivindependent.com/opinion-cognitive-warfare-is-natos-new-battlefield/
- https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/05/26/asia-pacific/china-pla-ai-cognitive-warfare/
- https://www.penncerl.org/the-rule-of-law-post/beyond-defense-a-call-to-arms-for-cognitive-warfare/
- https://hcss.nl/report/cognitive-warfare-as-part-of-society-never-ending-battle-for-minds/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_propaganda
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Center
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Measures_Working_Group
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Propaganda_by_country
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_propaganda
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion_brigades
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_and_Minds_(Vietnam_War)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_and_minds_(Iraq)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exploitation_of_American_race_relations
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook–Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_diplomacy_of_Israel
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_Insights_Team
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_Savagery
- https://jcpa.org/hamass-capture-of-the-wests-sympathy-attention-and-media/
- https://globalnews.ca/news/10813751/foreign-interference-inquiry-trudeau/
- https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/russian-espionage-influence-ukrainian-military-recruits-anti-mobilization-narratives
- https://www.darkreading.com/cyber-risk/social-engineers-show-off-their-tricks
- https://www.hackingbutlegal.com/p/disinformation-for-infosec-wonks
- https://www.404media.co/ai-powered-social-media-manipulation-app-promises-to-shape-reality-4/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHqDEMrqTjE
- https://www.semafor.com/article/09/25/2023/inside-irans-influence-operation
- https://stratcomcoe.org/publications/download/Nato-Attributing-Information-Influence-Operations-DIGITAL-v4.pdf
- https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/03/phase-based-tactical-analysis-of-online-operations?lang=en
- https://www.rsaconference.com/library/blog/navigating-the-nexus-between-cyber-operations-and-influence-operations
- https://www.rand.org/topics/information-operations.html
- https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/security/security-insider/browse-by-topic/cyber-influence-operations
- https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/tags/subject-influence-operations/
- https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/06/measuring-the-effects-of-influence-operations-key-findings-and-gaps-from-empirical-research?lang=en#effects/?lang=en
- https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/geotech-cues/scotch-a-framework-for-rapidly-assessing-influence-operations/
- https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article/36/3/edae022/7709018
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/27033648
- https://www.cisa.gov/topics/election-security/foreign-influence-operations-and-disinformation
- https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/brief-history-online-influence-operations
- https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/cisa-insights-preparing-and-mitigating-foreign-influence-operations-targeting-critical-0
- https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Cyber4.1ENG_e-5-22.pdf
- https://www.972mag.com/jewish-chronicle-elon-perry-netanyahu-intelligence/
- https://www.bugeyedandshameless.com/p/so-youve-become-a-russian-asset
- https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-instagram-meta-deceptive-political-ads-election
- https://archive.is/udTHj
- https://archive.is/5ISa0
- https://archive.is/riRcV
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.16760
- https://www.csis.org/analysis/crossing-deepfake-rubicon
- https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/denying-russia’s-only-strategy-success
- https://mattdpearce.substack.com/p/journalisms-fight-for-survival-in
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlUe0TUHOIc
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gnpCqsXE8g
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yErKTVdETpw
- https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/650c03bf52e73c000d9425bb/AJP_10_1_Info_Ops_UK_web.pdf
- https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a80ce48e5274a2e87dbbecb/20150223-AJP_3_10_1_PSYOPS_with_UK_Green_pages.pdf
- https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmdfence/57/5718.htm
- https://tdhj.org/blog/post/cognitive-psychological-warfare/
- https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/98958/html/
- https://tdhj.org
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09637214241280907
- https://www.fastcompany.com/91224580/teens-are-discovering-conspiracy-theories-on-social-media
- HN discussion: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42128933
- https://euvsdisinfo.eu/
- https://www.osintcombine.com/post/investigating-disinformation-online-using-osint
- https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2024/EEAS-DataTeam-OsintGuidelines-04-Digital.pdf
- https://crestresearch.ac.uk/comment/osint-vs-disinformation-the-information-threats-arms-race/
- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21582041.2019.1569714
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1051200423000787
- https://www.maritime.dot.gov/msci/2022-005-various-gps-interference-ais-spoofing
- https://www.foreignaffairs.com/world/open-secrets-ukraine-intelligence-revolution-amy-zegart
- https://crestresearch.ac.uk/categories/behavioural-analytics/
- https://crestresearch.ac.uk/categories/ideology/
- https://crestresearch.ac.uk/categories/disinformation/
- https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/FOIA/DF-2022-00242-The-Games-They-Play-Russian-Strategic-Political-Deceptions.pdf
- https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/04/30/navigating-the-nexus-between-cyber-operations-and-influence-operations/
- https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2032/DEF%20CON%2032%20presentations/DEF%20CON%2032%20-%20Tom%20Cross%20Greg%20Conti%20-%20Deception%20%26%20Counter%20Deception%20-%20Defending%20Yourself%20in%20a%20World%20Full%20of%20Lies.pdf
- https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/09/05/fdd-identifies-19-websites-as-part-of-an-iranian-global-influence-operation/
- https://blog.sekoia.io/iran-cyber-threat-overview/
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/iranian-io-domains-sneak-peek
- https://blog.sekoia.io/master-of-puppets-uncovering-the-doppelganger-pro-russian-influence-campaign/
- https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1366266/dl
- https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2016/02/25/the-epic-struggle-between-good-and-neutral/
- https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2829
- https://nixintel.info/osint/digging-into-russian-disinfo-infrastructure/
- https://www.hackingbutlegal.com/p/russias-information-warfare-what
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/kek-performance-indicators
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/host-of-operations-past
- https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/lies-russia-tells-itself
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/talk-to-me-in-bash-talk-to-me-in
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/memetic-warfare-and-its-the-same
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/a-cruel-threat-actors-thesis
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/the-rise-and-fall-of-a-mideastern
- https://www.hackingbutlegal.com/p/disinformation-for-infosec-wonks
- https://www.skopenow.com/news/navigating-false-information-during-osint
- https://digitalinvestigations.substack.com/p/a-look-at-the-information-laundromat
- https://www.osintcombine.com/post/investigating-spam-and-clickbait-networks
- https://digitalinvestigations.substack.com/p/a-guide-to-investigating-digital
- https://www.osintcombine.com/post/how-to-spot-a-fake-analysing-inauthentic-content
- https://www.osintcombine.com/post/from-voices-to-vulnerabilities-how-osint-can-help
- https://weaponizedspaces.substack.com/p/watch-breaking-down-russias-disinformation
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/croissantposting
- https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-eu/continuing-to-protect-the-integrity-of-tiktok-during-romanian-elections
- https://techletters.substack.com/p/techletters-insight-promotionalinfluence
- https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781032647463/conspiracy-theories-el%C5%BCbieta-dr%C4%85%C5%BCkiewicz-jaron-harambam
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.08651
- https://toolbox.google.com/factcheck/markuptool
- https://blog.sociallinks.io/how-to-recognize-ai-generated-pictures-videos-and-audio/
- https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-instagram-meta-deceptive-political-ads-election
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.22716
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/this-is-my-influence-operation-there
- https://hoaxy.osome.iu.edu/
- https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/how-to-detect-and-analyse-identity-based-disinformation-fimi/
- https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/Publications/20230719_NP_VIGINUM_RAPPORT-CAMPAGNE-RRN_EN.pdf
- https://euvsdisinfo.eu
- https://fimi-isac.org/index.html
- https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/information-integrity-and-countering-foreign-information-manipulation-interference-fimi_en
- https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/2024/01/09/using-the-wayback-machine-and-google-analytics-to-uncover-disinformation-networks/
- https://media.ccc.de/v/hackerhotel-2024-146-osint-how-ai-fuels-disinformation
- https://techagainstterrorism.org/terrorist-content-analytics-platform
- https://dfrlab.org/2024/10/23/dfrlab-launches-fiat-2024/
- https://buttondown.com/thehypothesis/archive/how-a-science-fiction-obsession-led-me-to/
- https://datajournalism.com/read/handbook/verification-3/investigating-disinformation-and-media-manipulation/investigating-disinformation
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQKEYyVB8Pk
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/meming-well-is-the-best-revenge
- https://www.memeticwarfare.io/p/a-threat-actor-that-can-do-both
- https://content.iranintl.com/en/investigates/covert-ties-between-iran-and-the-international-crisis-group/index.html
- https://www.semafor.com/article/09/25/2023/inside-irans-influence-operation
- https://content.iranintl.com/en/investigates/inside-tehran-softwar/index.html
- https://youtube.com/watch?v=D-FVjonlGOY
- https://www.wired.com/story/an-acclaimed-book-about-digital-manipulation-was-actually-written-by-ai/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_propaganda
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_techniques
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_manipulation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bot
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_miser
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudge_theory
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_technology
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_manipulation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_undermining
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_measures
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_capital
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-knowledge
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimes_of_truth
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_farm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_of_influence
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_provocateur
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad-jacketing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_column
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organization
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_and_deception
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_hangout
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepfake
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_media
- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_manipulation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARVO
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_hearts_and_minds
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompromat
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_facts
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoralization_(warfare)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_attention_rents
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation_attack
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence-for-hire
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shill
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_cascade
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_cult
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_thinking
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_reporting
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_criticism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_reinforcement
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_consensus_effect
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_effect
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinternet
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoid
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_quality
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-truth_politics
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistory
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-scholarship
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_science
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_paradigm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthiness
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_warfare
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawfare
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_sabotage
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_games
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_flag
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_bot
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votebot
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bot
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_literacy
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_farm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_terrorism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_hate_speech
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalization
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_fraud
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickbait
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_communication
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_jamming
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacktivism#Reality_hacking
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph_manipulation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-truth
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_puppet_account
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news_website
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpolitik
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scam
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capital
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychographics
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitudinal_targeting
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_advertising#Behavioral_targeting
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_modification
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggestion_theory
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_model
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propaganda
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_polarization
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-deception
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agitprop
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_lie
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(slang)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_warfare
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_campaign
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme_hack
- Microsoft: Iran surges cyber-enabled influence operations in support of Hamas
- Microsoft: Iran turning to cyber-enabled influence operations for greater effect
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/leaks-and-revelations-irgc-networks-cyber-companies
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/latin-americas-second-pink-tide-opens-avenues-iranian-influence
- Microsoft: https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2024/08/08/iran-targeting-2024-us-election/
- FDD: https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/08/06/iranian-cyber-warfare-targeting-israel-seeks-to-exploit-fears-of-military-attack/
- Iran International: https://www.iranintl.com/en/202408012272
- ODNI: https://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/press-releases-2024/3842-statement-from-director-of-national-intelligence-avril-haines-on-recent-iranian-influence-efforts
- Semafor: https://www.semafor.com/article/09/25/2023/inside-irans-influence-operation
- Iran International: https://content.iranintl.com/en/investigates/covert-ties-between-iran-and-the-international-crisis-group/index.html
- Iran International: https://content.iranintl.com/en/investigates/inside-tehran-softwar/index.html
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/covid-19-chinese-media-influence
- Hung et al.: https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article/7/4/ogac016/6647447
- Defense One: https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2023/10/chinas-social-media-attacks-are-part-larger-cognitive-warfare-campaign/391255/
- The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/chinas-chilling-cognitive-warfare-plans/
- ABC: Beijing-based 'Green Cicada' AI network uncovered on social media, fears of US election disruption
- https://cybercx.com.au/blog/cybercx-unmasks-china-linked-ai-disinformation-capability/
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/empire-dragon-accelerates-covert-information-operations-converges-russian-narratives
- Atlantic Council: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/russian-war-report-dfrlab-releases-investigations-on-russian-info-ops-before-and-after-the-invasion/
- Microsoft: Russian threat actors dig in, prepare to seize on war fatigue
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/russia-seeks-exploit-western-war-fatigue-win-ukraine
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/russian-information-operations-divide-western-coalition-ukraine
- FBI et al.: https://www.ic3.gov/Media/News/2024/240709.pdf
- Grey Dynamics: https://greydynamics.com/russian-influence-operations-in-spain/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_web_brigades
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency
- Qurium: HOW RUSSIA USES EU COMPANIES FOR PROPAGANDA – Exposing The Evil Empire of Doppelganger Disinformation
- Correctiv: Inside doppelganger: How Russia uses EU companies for its propaganda
- BfV (German internal security/intelligence agency): „DOPPELGÄNGER“. INTERNE DETAILS ZU RUSSISCHER DESINFORMATIONSKAMPAGNE. TEIL 2 – VOLLANALYSE
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/russian-influence-network-doppelgangers-ai-content-tactics
- Indictment - https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1366266/dl
- Affidavit - https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1366261/dl
- https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-rt-employees-indicted-covertly-funding-and-directing-us-company-published-thousands
- https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-disrupts-covert-russian-government-sponsored-foreign-malign-influence
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/converging-narratives-hawaii-wildfires-advance-different-influencers-objectives
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/israel-hamas-conflict-and-us-elections-drive-violent-extremist-threats-in-2024
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/fielding-cyber-influence-and-physical-threats-to-2022-fifa-world-cup-in-qatar
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/malign-influence-threats-mount-ahead-us-2024-elections
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/aggressive-malign-influence-threatens-us-2024-elections
- Recorded Future: https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/malign-influence-during-the-2022-us-midterm-elections-disinformation-misinformation