WIP: try to cache inner contexts of overloads

[sterliakov]

Improves #14978 and marginally improves nested overloads checking in general. This is not ready for review, but I would appreciate any in-progress feedback on the idea itself.

If I understand correctly, this change should not change any behavior at all: infer_arg_types_in_empty_context is almost pure.

The full change I attempted halved colour check time but caused (seemingly) false negatives. Let's try minimal scope first.

Another very similar problem arises when checking overloaded binary operations (like in #14978), they do not translate directly into a series of overloads check but repeat the whole process for every node instead. I'm working on this.

[github-actions]

Diff from mypy_primer, showing the effect of this PR on open source code:

prefect (https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect)
- src/prefect/server/database/query_components.py:182: error: Cannot determine type of "scheduled_flow_runs"  [has-type]
- src/prefect/server/database/query_components.py:190: error: Cannot determine type of "scheduled_flow_runs"  [has-type]
- src/prefect/server/database/query_components.py:190: error: Cannot determine type of "join_criteria"  [has-type]
- src/prefect/server/database/query_components.py:196: error: Cannot determine type of "scheduled_flow_runs"  [has-type]
- src/prefect/server/database/query_components.py:197: error: Cannot determine type of "scheduled_flow_runs"  [has-type]

ibis (https://github.com/ibis-project/ibis)
- ibis/expr/datatypes/cast.py:119: error: Value of type "DataType" is not indexable  [index]
- ibis/expr/operations/arrays.py:254: error: "Range" has no attribute "start"  [attr-defined]
- ibis/expr/operations/arrays.py:254: error: "Range" has no attribute "stop"  [attr-defined]
- ibis/expr/api.py:1202: error: Too few arguments for "Interval"  [call-arg]
- ibis/expr/api.py:1202: error: Argument 1 to "Interval" has incompatible type "str"; expected "bool"  [arg-type]
- ibis/backends/sql/__init__.py:515: error: Item "Iterable[str]" of "str | Iterable[str]" has no attribute "format"  [union-attr]
- ibis/backends/clickhouse/tests/test_datatypes.py:263: error: Argument "scale" to "Timestamp" has incompatible type "int"; expected "Literal[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] | None"  [arg-type]
- ibis/backends/mysql/tests/test_client.py:69: error: Argument "scale" to "Timestamp" has incompatible type "int | None"; expected "Literal[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] | None"  [arg-type]

kornia (https://github.com/kornia/kornia)
- kornia/utils/draw.py:381: error: Cannot determine type of "b_i"  [has-type]
- kornia/utils/draw.py:381: error: Cannot determine type of "c_i"  [has-type]
- kornia/utils/draw.py:388: error: Cannot determine type of "w_i"  [has-type]
- kornia/utils/draw.py:388: error: Cannot determine type of "device"  [has-type]
- kornia/utils/draw.py:388: error: Cannot determine type of "dtype_p"  [has-type]

optuna (https://github.com/optuna/optuna)
+ optuna/visualization/_intermediate_values.py:95: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment  [unused-ignore]

dedupe (https://github.com/dedupeio/dedupe)
+ dedupe/canopy_index.py:86: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment  [unused-ignore]

altair (https://github.com/vega/altair)
- altair/utils/_vegafusion_data.py:230: error: Argument 1 to "handle_row_limit_exceeded" has incompatible type "Any | None"; expected "int"  [arg-type]

freqtrade (https://github.com/freqtrade/freqtrade)
- freqtrade/templates/FreqaiExampleStrategy.py:245: error: Unsupported left operand type for & ("tuple[Index[Any] | Series[builtins.bool] | ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[numpy.bool[builtins.bool]]] | list[builtins.bool] | str | <18 more items>, ...]")  [operator]
- freqtrade/templates/FreqaiExampleStrategy.py:255: error: Unsupported left operand type for & ("tuple[Index[Any] | Series[builtins.bool] | ndarray[tuple[Any, ...], dtype[numpy.bool[builtins.bool]]] | list[builtins.bool] | str | <18 more items>, ...]")  [operator]