DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

GARDEN MONITORING SYSTEM

Final Proposal

Senior Design I: Ethics, Communications, and Constraints

EEL4920 RVCC 1245

Instructor: Dr. Wilmer Arellano

Mentor: Dr. Yu Du

07 /1 8 /

Group 10

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. Technical Results ..............................................................................................................

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

On behalf of Team 10, we thank Dr. Yu Du for his invaluable mentorship throughout the development of the PlantPulse project. His insightful feedback has been monumental in refining our approach to the system.

We thank Professor Wilmer Arellano for his guidance and comprehensive education. His teachings have not only deepened our understanding of technological development but inspired us to innovate responsibly and effectively.

ABSTRACT

The PlantPulse system is a cutting-edge garden management solution that automates and optimizes plant care. Powered by a 120V 50-60 Hz AC supply, it monitors key environmental

factors, including temperature, humidity, soil moisture, pH, and nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). Through an intuitive web interface, users can remotely control lighting, irrigation, and other settings via smartphones or desktops. At the heart of the system is an Arduino Nano R3-based board with the ATmega328P microcontroller, integrated with digital sensors converted from RS485 for accurate data collection. This data is transmitted via LoRaWAN, enabling real-time plant health tracking. PlantPulse also leverages machine learning to adapt to optimal growing conditions, enhancing plant vitality and boosting user productivity. Combining advanced technology with ease of use, PlantPulse offers a fully automated, sustainable gardening experience that empowers users to monitor and manage their plants from anywhere, transforming the future of gardening.

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Client Attributes ............................................................................................................. 11

Table 2 Team member’s attributes ............................................................................................. .. 12

Table 3 Combined attributes ......................................................................................................... 12

I. LIST OF FIGURES

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• ABSTRACT
• LIST OF TABLES
• LIST OF FIGURES
• I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
  • A. Project Objectives
  • B. Constraints
• III. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
  • A. Assumptions
  • B. Limitations
• IV. NEEDS FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
  • A. Needs Analysis
  • B. Need Specification
  • C. Feasibility Analysis
  • D. Marketability
• V. RISK ANALYSIS
• VI. OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
• VII. INTENDED USER(S) AND INTENDED USE(S)
  • A. Intended user(s)
  • B. Intended use(s)
• VIII. BACKGROUND
• IX. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS
• X. GLOBALIZATION
• XI. STANDARD CONSIDERATION
• XII. HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
• XIII. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
• XIV. SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
• XV. MANUFACTURABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
• XVI. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SOCIAL IMPACT............................................
  • A. Ethical Considerations
  • B. Social Impact
• XVII. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT - A. Concept Fan - B. Alternative Options...................................................................................................... - C. Concept Selection
• XVIII. END PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND OTHER DELIVERABLES
  • A. End Product Description
  • B. Functions
  • C. Specifications
  • D. Other Deliverables
• XIX. PLAN OF ACTION
  • A. Statement of Work (SOW)
  • B. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
  • C. Project Milestones
  • D. Gantt Charts
• XX. MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS
• XXI. PERSONNEL
• XXII. BUDGET
• XXIII. RESULTS EVALUATION
• XXIV. LIFE-LONG LEARNING B. Globalization Retrospective
• XXV. CONCLUSION
• XXVI. REFERENCES
• XXVII. APPENDICES
  • A. Team Contract
  • B. Intellectual Property Contract
• XXVIII. SIGNATURES PAGE
• Table 4 Technical Feasibility
• Table 5 Resource Feasibility ..........................................................................................................
• Table 6 Economic Feasibility .........................................................................................................
• Table 7 Scheduling Feasibility .......................................................................................................
• Table 8 Cultural Feasibility ..................................................................
• Table 9 Legal Feasibility ..............................................................................................................
• Table 10 Marketing Feasibility......................................................................................................
• Table 11 Obtaining weights .........................................................................................................
• Table 12 Weighted Scale .............................................................................................................
• Table 13 Bloomie’s Features.
• Table 14 Geodrop’s Features
• Table 15 Risk Expoosure Matrix ...................................................................................................
• Table 16 Actions To Minimize Risks ..............................................................................................3
• Table 17 Claims ........................................................................................................................
• Table 18 Non Infringement ..........................................................................................................
• Table 19 Options For Responding to the Ethical Dilemma ....................................................................
• Table 20 Philosophies For Responding To The Ethical Dilemma ............................................................
• Table 21 Weight Calculation Table ................................................................................................
• Table 22 Concept Selection Table .................................................................................................
• Table 23 Level 0 Inputs, Outputs, And Functionality ...
• Table 24 Level 1 Inputs, Outputs, And Functionality ..........................................................................
• Table 25 Level 2 Inputs, Outputs, And Functionality of Digital Sensors
• Table 26 Level 2 Inputs, Outputs, And Functionality Of Microcontrollers
• Table 27 Level 2 Inputs, Outputs, And Functionality Of The Microcomputer ............................................
• Table 28 Level 2 Inputs, Outputs, And Functionality Of The Irrigation System ..........................................
• Table 29 Level 2 Inputs, Outputs, And Functionality Of The Lighting System ..
• Table 30 Level 2 Inputs, Outputs, And Functionality Of The Lighting System ............................................
• Table 31 Module Specifications for PlantPulse ..................................................................................
• Table 32 Budget ......................................................................................................................
• Figure 0 PlantPulse Schematic Diagram............................................................................................
• Figure 1 Gardyn AI System
• Figure 2 The block design of the Bloomiee Project
• Figure 3 Bloomiee Component Make-Up
• Figure 4 GeoDrops Block Design
• Figure 5 GeoDrops Ideal Configuartion & Utilization
• Figure 6 Fault Tree Analysis
• Figure 7 NIWA GROW HUB+- SMART AUTOMATION & MONITORING SYSTEM
• Figure 8 NIWA Grow Hub+ System Block Design
• Figure 9 Farmbot Genesis V1.7
• Figure 10 Farmbot Genesis V1.7
• Figure 11 NEST Learning Thermostat
• Figure 12 NEST Learning Thermostat Device System Block Diagram
• Figure 13 Circuit block diagram of the plant monitoring invention
• disclosed embodiments Figure 14 A schematic diagram of a system for automatic plant monitoring is utilized to describe the various
• yield desired harvest traits. Figure 15 An AI-powered autonomous plant-growth optimization system automatically adjusts input variables to
• Figure 16 displayed below represents the trademark to be used for our product
• Figure 17 CONCEPT FAN FOR PLANTPULSE
• Figure 18 ALTERNATIVE 1 “PLANTPULSE ECO”...........................................................................
• Figure 19 ALTERNATIVE 1I “PLANTPULSE”...............................................................................
• Figure 20 ALTERNATIVE III “PLANTPULSE V2”
• Figure 21 ALTERNATIVE IV “PLANTPULSE SHORT RANGE”
• Figure 22 Level 0 view of PlantPulse
• Figure 23 Level 1 view of PlantPulse
• Figure 24 Level 2 view of the digital sensors.
• Figure 25 Level 2 view of the microcontroller (Arduino Nano R3)
• Figure 26 Level 2 view of the microcontroller (Raspberry Pi 4 model B)
• Figure 27 Level 2 view of the irrigation system.
• Figure 28 Level 2 view of the lighting system
• Figure 29 Flowchart of how PlantPulse works
• Figure 30 Work Breakdown Structure ............................................................................................
• Figure 31 Gantt Chart Part
• Figure 32 Gantt Chart Part

Figure 33 Pert Chart ................................................................................................................... 94

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PlantPulse – AI-Powered Garden Monitoring System
Team Number: 10 Team Name: PlantPulse

Mentor: Dr. Yu Du Team Leader: Pedro Ojeda

Team Member: Richard Cui Team Member: Jonathan Fleurisma

Team Member: Carlos Gutierrez Team Member: Abigail Sardine-Laforte

This paper will introduce Team 10’s project of an interconnected IoT ecosystem of sensors and components for monitoring the soil parameters and, in turn, the health of plants. The report will display the research conducted, methods of analysis, and the team’s critical brainstorming strategies

regarding the setup of sensors and other
connected modules. PlantPulse addresses
critical challenges in agriculture such as
environmental unpredictability and resource
inefficiency by leveraging an interconnected
IoT ecosystem. This system enhances plant
health monitoring through advanced sensors

that assess soil conditions and environmental parameters.

The project aims to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability through real- time data monitoring and automated system adjustments. The objectives include:

1. Easy to use 1.1 Easy to implement. 1.2 Low maintenance 1.3 Automatically water, fertilize, and provide lighting.
2. Accurate readings 2.1 Soil sensor reports accurate readings. 2.2 Temperature, humidity, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. 2.3 Machine learning will learn the best growing conditions for plants. PlantPulse integrates various sensors and components into a user-friendly platform, allowing for precise monitoring of soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels. The system is designed for ease of use and minimal maintenance, supporting diverse agricultural environments and regulatory landscapes.

Fig. 0 PlantPulse Schematic Diagram
Important Sections:

• Background
• Environmental Considerations
• Sustainability Considerations
• End Product Description
• Plan of Action
• Results Evaluation PlantPulse represents a significant advancement in agricultural technology, promising to transform how environmental conditions are managed in farming. The project aims for high efficiency and sustainability and ensures adaptability across various global markets, making it a viable solution for modern agricultural needs.

III. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The agricultural industry provides necessary food to communities and surrounding establishments. However, it can be one of the most unstable production lines, subject to price volatility, substantial upfront costs, weak bargaining power, government policies, and especially the changing climate. Climate change increases the odds of worsening droughts in many parts of the world. Certain areas are at more significant risk of experiencing more frequent, intense, and longer-lasting droughts, affecting crops and their livelihoods. Food insecurity can lead to cost spikes, which, in turn, can cause social unrest, migration of native populations, and famine.

The team’s proposed solution is PlantPulse, a connected network of sensors that records and reports the dynamic qualities of soil used for growing plants. A companion application on both smartphones and desktop environments will be provided to relay the information to users. The application will make it easier to monitor the health of the plants and soil by sending notifications if parameters are not within optimal conditions. The parameters range from general aspects of soil humidity and temperature to more specific attributes, such as the contents of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, depending on the monitored plant.

A. Objectives

1) Safety
1.1 The system should be secure against cyber threats.

1.2 The system should be reliable and safe to handle.
2) Ease of Use
2.1 The system should be easy to construct.

2.2 The system should be easy to understand with manuals and documents.
2.3 The system should have minimal maintenance.
2.4 The system should be easy to deconstruct.
3) Modularity

3.1 The system should have options to support future hardware expansions.
3.2 The system should have options for wireless/wired connections.
4) Scalability

4.1 The system should have options to increase the range of its network.
4.2 The system should be able to handle more sensors.
5) Marketability

5.1 The system should send notifications if the soil parameters could be more optimal.
5.2 The system should track data in real-time.
5.3 The system should have a companion application.
5.4 The system should recommend how to improve soil conditions.

B. Constraints

1. The system should be competitive, or lower, in pricing than comparable products.
2. The system should measure values accurately.
3. The system should be easy to implement.

IV. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

During the team’s research and brainstorming at various meetings, we identified several features and constraints for our PlantPulse system. Features deemed critical and necessary to the final design's function are prioritized, and others were set aside due to issues with implementation or project constraints such as budget and hardware limitations. This section outlines the key assumptions and limitations considered in designing and implementing the PlantPulse system.

A. Assumptions

The assumptions for our proposed system are:

• The system will use only 50% of the microcontroller’s resources.
• Soil sensors will detect and log soil parameters.
• The wireless range will be sufficient to cover typical farm areas.
• The energy consumption will be low enough to maintain at least 24 hours of operation.
• The system will operate in a range of typical agricultural environmental conditions.

B. Limitations

The limitations of our system are:

• The system will not correct or rectify any data; the raw data will be reported as is.

• The system is limited to detecting soil parameters.

• The system must be low-cost.

• The system must withstand temperatures from 0°C to 60°C.

• The system must be water and dust-resistant.

• The sensor units must be low-profile and unobtrusive.

V. NEEDS FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

The needs feasibility analysis is a critical part of any development process. All aspects of the system will be examined to determine how feasible it is to implement. For the PlantPulse system, it will have to meet the needs of its users effectively and efficiently. The analysis will see what challenges must be resolved, including the accuracy of data recording and power management. The system must reliably capture soil data and operate for a long time without recharging.

A. Needs Analysis

A needs analysis is a systematic and organized process to identify and evaluate the specific needs of desired users. This analysis will help the team produce a product that satisfies user requirements during design. The first step involves interviewing businesses involved in plant care to understand their specific desires and pain points. This information will guide the design and development of the PlantPulse system, ensuring it meets the needs of its intended users effectively.

1) Client Interview:

This project's concept was first proposed in Spring 2024 in EEL 4933: Engineering Entrepreneurship. Throughout the course, 100 interviews were conducted with organizations and businesses related to plant care. The types of organizations include, but are not limited to, condominiums, landscaping companies, irrigation system installers, botanical gardens, and nurseries. The interviews were primarily conducted in person, with the rest of the interviews conducted by phone. The feedback gathered is abridged (as most responses were similar in what the interviewees wanted in a system and what they wanted to avoid during plant care) and presented in Table I:

TABLE I. CLIENT ATTRIBUTES

Source Attribute
Interview The system should capture data accurately.
Interview The system should be cost-effective.
Interview The system should have minimal maintenance.
Interview The system should be able to integrate with watering systems.
Interview The system should record nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Interview The system should record the humidity and temperature of the soil.
Interview The system should be a one-time installation.

2. Team Input: The team elaborated on the existing attributes extracted from the interviews and brainstormed for more attributes (that needed to be stated by the interviewees) to add to the design. Each team member considered these elements if it was a beneficial feature to the design of the PlantPulse system. The results of the attributes formulated by members through team meetings are shown in Table II:

TABLE II. TEAM MEMBERS’ ATTRIBUTES
Source Attribute
Team The system should recommend actions to reduce plant loss through artificial intelligence.
Team The system should have options to expand its range.
Team The system should send notifications to remind users to tend to plant(s).
Team The system should implement LoRaWAN.
Team The system’s network should use clusters.
Team The system’s network should be secured against cyber-attacks.
Team The system should have a fully functional companion app on Android.
Team The system should be water, dust, and rust-resistant to the environment.
Team The system should have options for wired/wireless power.
Team The system should record pH and lighting.

3. Combined Attributes: After obtaining attributes from both interviews and team members, the next step is to carefully examine each attribute to determine if they are necessary and feasible for the functionality of the PlantPulse system. During meetings, team members deliberated over the project design to choose which attributes were the most notable features to have and which could be discarded. The final combined attributes are presented in Table III, and attributes are categorized into objectives:

TABLE III. COMBINED ATTRIBUTES

Source Attribute Type
Interview The system should capture data accurately. Marketability
Interview The system should be cost-effective. Marketability
Interview The system should have minimal maintenance. Ease of Use
Interview The system should record the humidity and temperature of the soil. Marketability
Interview The system should be a one-time installation. Ease of Use
Team The system should have options to expand its range. Modularity
Team The system should send notifications to remind users. Marketability
Team The system should implement LoRaWAN. Scalability
Team The system’s network should be secured against cyber-attacks. Safety
Team The system should have a fully functional companion app on Android. Marketability
Team The system should be water, dust, and rust-resistant to the environment. Safety
Team The system should have options for wired/wireless power. Modularity

Team

The system should recommend actions to reduce plant loss through
artificial intelligence. Marketability
Team The system should record pH and lighting. Marketability

The table above lists the factors the team discussed were necessary to the system's design. Based on the analysis of the interviews and team members’ suggestions, we believe Table III provides the team with the specifics of the project parameters. The problem statement concerning the refined objectives can then be supplied.

4. Problem Statement The team’s project involves a network of sensors in the soil that will log and report data. The system can expand its range through modular hardware expansion ports and use LoRaWAN for its network. The sensors will record humidity/moisture level, temperature, and nutrients (phosphorus, calcium, potassium) from the soil in real-time. The priorities for the system are safety and ease of use. It will have a durable enclosure on the board, and the sensors will be water, dust, and rust-resistant. The system should also be able to be installed one time and be low maintenance.

5) Objectives

1. Safety 1.1 The system should be safe against cyber-attacks. 1.2 The system should be water, dust, and rust resistant.
2. Ease of Use 2.1 The system should be of minimal maintenance. 2.2 The system should be a one-time installation.
3. Modularity 3.1 The system should have hardware options to expand its operating range.

3.2 The system should have options to be powered by battery or DC.

4. Scalability 4.1 The system should implement LoRaWAN in network communications.
5. Marketability 5.1 The system should capture data accurately. 5.2 The system should be cost-effective.

5.3 The system should record the soil's humidity/moisture and temperature.
5.4 The system should record the pH and lighting.
5.5 The system should send notifications to users via an Android companion app.
5.6 The system should recommend actions to be taken through artificial intelligence.

B. Need Specification

The PlantPulse project's requirements include several critical, measurable criteria to ensure the device effectively monitors and manages plant health. These details incorporate soil dampness observation with 95% precision, temperature estimation from - 10 to 50°C, and light power discovery from 0 to 100,000 lux. The device has a capacity of 1 GB for data storage and is made to run for up to six months on a single charge. Network determinations demonstrate a remote scope of 30 meters, while the UI holds back a nothing fulfillment rating of 4.5 out of 5. The gadget is geared for strength, with a life expectancy of three years and an IP67 water opposition rating. Additionally, it requires 0.5 watts of power to operate and updates sensor data every ten minutes. The actual components of the gadget are 15x5x3 cm (about 1.18 in), with a complete load of 200 grams (about 7.05 oz), and the creation cost is assessed at 200 USD. A crucial specification is the ability to abide by CE and FCC safety standards. The development of PlantPulse is guided by these specifications, which ensure that each design objective is well-defined and measurable. The development process can be streamlined, and the final product's effectiveness in monitoring plant health can be evaluated by establishing precise metrics, target values, and units for each objective. They are establishing precise metrics, target values, and units for each purpose. PlantPulse meets the highest functionality and user satisfaction standards thanks to this structured approach, which facilitates improvements and iterations and assists in achieving design objectives.

Fig 1. Gardyn AI System [ 2 ]

The indoor planting market is quickly developing, driven by the expansion of purchaser premiums in the area of economical living and local produce. Two outstanding items in this space are the Gardyn Home Unit 3.0 and PlantPulse. The two frameworks influence cutting-edge innovation to work with indoor cultivating. However, they contrast essentially in their methodologies, highlights, and target markets.

The Gardyn [ 1 ] Home Unit 3.0 is a computer-based, intelligence-controlled indoor nursery intended to grow up to 30 plants in only two square feet, empowering clients to collect a new plate of mixed greens consistently. Its champion element is its utilization of computer-based intelligence to screen and enhance plant development, giving ongoing changes in accordance with guaranteed ideal circumstances. This framework is exciting to metropolitan inhabitants with restricted space and cultivating experience, as it offers a conservative, space-productive arrangement that requires negligible client mediation. The Gardyn Home Pack 3.0 stresses convenience and manageability, empowering independence and lessening dependence on locally acquired produce. Its complete application support permits clients to screen and deal with their nursery from a distance, adding to its comfort.

Interestingly, PlantPulse centers around a savvy cultivating framework that uses progressed sensors and information examination to help plant development. It offers adaptability in the number and kinds of plants developed, making it exceptionally adjustable. PlantPulse gives a definite exam of plant well-being and development conditions, which is attractive to cultivating fans and specialists who value top-to-bottom plant care. The framework estimates soil dampness, light, temperature, and mugginess through its savvy sensors, giving experiences and proposals in view of gathered information. PlantPulse likewise underscores local area commitment and

instructive assets, upgrading the client experience through an involved way to deal with cultivating.

While contrasting the innovative methodologies of these frameworks, the Gardyn Home Unit 3.0 uses artificial intelligence for independent plant care, zeroing in on convenience and negligible client mediation. Conversely, PlantPulse uses savvy sensors and information examination, requiring more client commitment to likewise decipher the information and act. This differentiation features their contrasting interest groups. The Gardyn Home Pack 3.0 is great for metropolitan occupants, novices, and those with restricted time or space who are looking for a precise cultivating arrangement. PlantPulse, then again, requests to cultivate devotees and specialists who partake in an additional involved methodology and top-to-bottom plant care.

The framework configuration further separates these items. The Gardyn Home Unit 3.0 is minimized and upward, boosting plant thickness in a little region, making it reasonable for clients with restricted space. PlantPulse offers more customization and adaptability, considering different plant designs and arrangements, which can be invaluable for clients with explicit plant inclinations and more accessible space. Client experience likewise differs between the two frameworks. The Gardyn Home Pack 3.0 stresses straightforwardness and comfort, with artificial intelligence taking care of the more significant part of the planting assignments, making it easy to use for those with occupied ways of life. PlantPulse, notwithstanding, centers around itemized checking and client communication, giving a growth opportunity to clients who appreciate drawing in with their cultivating cycle.

Regarding market situations, the Gardyn Home Pack 3.0's assets lie in its easy-to-understand, space-effective, and artificial intelligence-driven plan, empowering nonstop gathers. Its principal disadvantage may be the absence of commitment and customization a few clients want. PlantPulse, with its point-by-point investigation, high customization, and solid client commitment, requests an alternate fragment of the market. Be that as it may, it requires more client contribution and may not be as space-effective as the Gardyn [ 1 ] framework.

Both Gardyn Home Unit 3.0 and PlantPulse offer extraordinary benefits in the indoor cultivating market. Gardyn's [ 1 ] artificial intelligence-fueled, space-effective plan makes it ideal for occupied metropolitan occupants looking for straightforwardness and supportability, while PlantPulse requests additional connections with nursery workers who value point-by-point bits of knowledge and customization. The decision between these frameworks relies upon the client's inclinations for robotization versus active planting, as well as their accessible space and wanted degree of commitment.

C. Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility analysis assesses the viability of a proposed project through several vital steps. Firstly, technical feasibility evaluates if the project can be implemented using existing technology and resources, considering team capabilities and infrastructure availability. Economic feasibility examines financial aspects, estimates costs and potential returns, and conducts a cost-benefit analysis based on market factors. Operational feasibility checks if the project can function effectively post-implementation, analyzing workflow, logistics, and potential disruptions. Lastly, scheduling feasibility ensures the project can be completed within a reasonable timeframe, considering dependencies and resource availability.

A weighted scale and weight computation table are essential for conducting a thorough feasibility analysis. This table assigns weights to criteria based on their importance to project success and evaluates each criterion on a numerical scale. For our product, each feasibility section

should be rated from 1 to 5, with 5 indicating high feasibility. After scoring, weights will be applied to each criterion based on their significance and ultimately determined through stakeholder input or group discussion. They are computing a weighted average score for each aspect, indicating project feasibility and aiding stakeholders in making informed decisions about project implementation.

1) Technical Feasibility

The technical feasibility assessment determines whether the current technology can complete the project. Moreover, it assesses whether an innovation is necessary if the technology is unavailable. All required technology already exists in our project's development; potential challenges may arise while implementing various components. The average score obtained from this section is 4. 7 5, as seen in Table IV.

TABLE IV. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
Attributes Score Why Solution
Does the technology exist? 5 All relevant technology needed
for our project exists.

No solution is necessary.

Is there any technical risk? 4 There could be risks regarding
components needing to be fixed
once combined.

Work with each component
separately to ensure
functionality.
Can it be obtained? 5 All necessary parts can be
obtained via online purchases.

No solution is required.

Are fundamentally new inventions required? 5 No new inventions are needed at
this time.

No solution is necessary.

Total 19
Average 4.

2. Resource Feasibility Resource feasibility evaluates the availability and adequacy of resources required for the project. This includes financial and human resources, materials, equipment, and facilities needed to execute the project effectively. Assessing resource feasibility ensures that our project can be adequately supported throughout its lifecycle, from initiation to completion, minimizing risks of resource shortages or constraints that could impact project success. From Table V, we obtained an average score of 4.63.

TABLE V. RESOURCE FEASIBILITY
Attributes Score Why Solution
Are the team's skills sufficient? 4.5 It is possible to be uncertain of
specific tasks.

Work as a team to help each
other solve problems.
Is our equipment sufficient for the project? 5 All equipment has been
purchased and obtained.

No solution is necessary.

Do we have enough team-mates? 5 We have enough team members
to complete all parts of the
project.

No solution is necessary.

Is there any risk associated with resources? 4 Finding references to assist with
any problems may take time and
effort.

Reach out to our mentor to
gather more insight.

Total 18.
Average 4.

3) Economic Feasibility

Economic feasibility examines the financial viability of a project by analyzing costs and potential benefits. It involves estimating initial investment requirements, ongoing operational costs, and expected revenue or savings the project generates. This analysis helps stakeholders determine whether the expected financial returns justify the investment. Factors such as market demand, pricing strategies, and competition are also considered to gauge the project's profitability and sustainability over time. From Table VI, we obtained an average score of 4. 5.

TABLE VI. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
Attributes Score Why Solution
Is the project executable with the given
budget constraints?

5 Gathering all components can
be costly.

Ensure each component is
needed and bought at the
cheapest price.
Are there any economic risks? 4 Parts can get damaged or lost. We have a record of the parts
purchased.
Total 9
Average 4.

4. Schedule Feasibility Schedule feasibility assesses whether the project can be completed within a reasonable timeframe. It involves taking and evaluating dependencies between project tasks, estimating the duration of each task, and considering any constraints that could impact the project timeline, such as resource availability or external dependencies. By analyzing these factors, our group can determine if the proposed project schedule is realistic and achievable. Schedule feasibility helps identify potential risks of delays and allows for the development of contingency plans to mitigate them. The average score obtained from this section is 5, as seen in Table VII.

TABLE VII. SCHEDULING FEASIBILITY
Attributes Score Why Solution
Meeting milestones 5 All milestones should be
achievable.

A schedule will be created to
ensure deadlines are met.
Can we meet both the preliminary and
critical design review?

5 Setting goals and milestones
is vital to completing project
processes.

Coordination and teamwork are
crucial for success.

Total 10
Average 5

5. Cultural Feasibility Cultural feasibility evaluates whether a proposed project aligns with the stakeholders' artistic values, norms, and beliefs and the broader community where it will be implemented. It considers how the project might impact social dynamics, traditions, and ethical considerations relevant to the target audience. Assessing cultural feasibility involves understanding local attitudes towards the project, potential acceptance or resistance from stakeholders, and the project's alignment with societal expectations and ethical standards. From Table VIII, we obtained an average score of 4. 7.

TABLE VIII. CULTURAL FEASIBILITY
Attributes Score Why Solution
Will there be a positive impact on local
culture?

5 The surveys we conducted
yielded favorable reactions. to
the project

Continue to gain feedback and
perspectives.

Will there be a positive impact on the global
culture?

4.5 Every country should benefit
from the use of this product.

We will gather opinions from
different cultures and conduct
research.
Is there much cultural risk involved? 4.5 There should be little risk
involved since the project is
designed to benefit everyone.

No solution is necessary.

Total 14
Average 4.7

6. Legal Feasibility Creating a product that fails to comply with regulations and standards is a sure path to failure. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider the legal aspects of our project to mitigate financial risks. This section provides insights into the risks associated with regulatory violations and their consequences. Equally important is recognizing the potential product liability if the product poses a risk to consumers. From Table IX, we obtained an average score of 4.5.

TABLE IX. LEGAL FEASIBILITY
Attributes Score Why Solution
Are there any laws applicable to this project? 5 There should be laws that affect
this project.

No solution is necessary.

Will there be any issues or conflicts regarding
policy?

4 There should be no policy
conflicts concerning this project.

We can review any crucial
details with relevant
stakeholders.
Total 9
Average 4.5

7) Marketing Feasibility
Marketing feasibility assesses whether our project can attract and sustain a viable customer base
through effective promotion and positioning strategies. It involves evaluating market demand,
competition, and the potential for profitable sales channels. Understanding marketing feasibility
ensures that our project can effectively reach and resonate with its target audience, maximizing its
chances of success in the marketplace. From Table X, we obtained an average score of 4.25.
TABLE X. MARKETING FEASIBILITY
Attributes Score Why Solution
Will our project be well-received by the
public?

4 Our project is designed to appeal
to everyone caring for plants.

We will continue conducting
surveys to gauge consumer
interest.
Will there be any risks associated with
marketing?

4.5 Possibility of similar products
entering the market.

We will keep you updated on
the latest trends and continue
researching the area.
Total 8.5
Average 4.25

Table XI presents the values provided by the team in a consolidated format. It also includes the
computed values of the normalized geometric mean and the weight assigned to each attribute,
ensuring that the total weight across all attributes sums up to one. The diagonal of 1's within the
table indicates each type's self-relationship. Moreover, when comparing attributes across rows and
columns, the team evaluates their relative importance and assigns a value based on the scale
provided:

• 1 = Equal importance
• 3 = Moderately more important
• 5 = Strongly more important
• 7 = Very strong
• 9 = Extreme The geometric mean in Table XI is determined using the specified formula: G. Mean = (A 1 * A 2 * A 3 ... *An)^1 /N^ (1)^

A represents the assigned importance value for the attribute, while n denotes the total number
of attributes. Additionally, the weight is determined through the following formula:

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡=

G.Mean
Total^ (2)^
TABLE XI. OBTAINING WEIGHTS

Technical Resource Economic Schedule Cultural Legal Marketing G. Mean Weight

Technical 1 3 5 3 5 3 7 3.1 0.38

Resource 0.33 1 3 3 3 3 5 1.8 0.22

Economic 0.2 0.33 1 0.33 3 1 3 0. 78 0.10

Schedule 0.33 0.33 3 1 3 3 5 1.3 0.16

Cultural 0.2 0.33 0.33 0.33 1 3 3 0.8 0.10

Legal 0.14 0.2 1 0.14 0.14 1 7 0. 65 0.08

Marketing 0.14 0.2 0.33 0.2 0.33 1 7 0.69 0.09

Total 8.07

The weighted score could then be derived using the following formula:

Weighted Score = Weight * Score (3)
After obtaining the weighted score, we calculate the total weighted feasibility score.
The following formula:

Weighted Average Score =

∑(𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡×𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒)
∑Weight^ (4)^

TABLE XII. WEIGHTED SCALE

Weight Score W. Score
Technical 0.38 4.75 1.80
Resource 0.22 4.63 1.02

Economic 0.10 4.5 0.45
Schedule 0.16 5 0.8
Cultural 0.10 4.7 0.47
Legal 0.08 4.5 0.36

Marketing 0.09 4.25 0.38
Total 1.13 32.33 5.28
Weighted Average 4.67

Table XII presents the weighted score calculated from the team's feasibility analysis. The team applies the weights obtained from Table XII to compute this score. This involves multiplying each category's feasibility analysis score by its corresponding weight.

In summary, the feasibility analysis of needs is crucial to assess the achievability of the product or process. The team scored 4.67 out of 5.0 by summing up the relevant values. This weighted average of 4. 67 confirms the project's viability. However, despite favorable statistical data, challenges and setbacks may still arise, potentially affecting project deadlines or success.

D. Marketability

The marketability of 'PlantPulse,' the intelligent gardening system that monitors ecosystems, is crucial for several reasons, especially in gardening and ecosystem assistance. While the 'PlantPulse' structure is geared towards traditional gardens, large-scale condominiums, or even farms, the 'PlantPulse' structure can apply to major environmental sectors. For this experiment, we will focus on testing within certain parameters and comparing other products on the market with different approaches to combat environmental management. 'PlantPulse's' approach will revolve around sustainable practices, biodiversity support, and data utilization to improve current metrics for plant care.

1. Bloomiee | AI (Artificial Intelligence) Gardening Control System w/ Camera & Sensors a) Project Summary Bifarm is an agricultural and clean-tech start-up primarily focusing on creating autonomous ecosystems evoking sustainability [ 3 ]. Creating their first product, the 'Bloomiee,' The product's primary focus is to eat a "copilot for home gardening."

b) Fundraising Strategies

• Early Bird | Bloomiee $375 o Save $224 off retail o Select add-ons o Choose your color

• Priority Plus | Bloomiee $399 o Save $200 off retail o Select add-ons o Choose your color o Faster shipping option

• Launch Price | Bloomie $499 o Save $100 off retail o Choose Color o Select add-ons o Includes flood sensor

Bloomiee has rapidly surpassed their Kickstarter asking within 24 hours of listing. At over 370% over the pronounced goal of $5000, the current pledged amount at editing is $19,315. Here are their promises: Bloomie creates an environment entirely controlled by its system while tracking and improving the survival rate of plants. Done within a new metric, revolutionizing traditional practices by incorporating AI technology in gardening can offer many benefits. Moreover, the product's ability to enhance gardening efficiency, reduce resource wastage, and significantly contribute to environmental management targets an altogether broader class with not only enthusiast gardeners but also applicable to different markets like the ones listed above. In summary, 'Bloomiee's AI Gardening System' not only capitalizes on advanced technology but is constantly improving with various amounts of applications with data that consumers will collect.

c) Technology Overview Bloomiee includes with their product, controller for the system that controls the CO2, temperature Bloomiee includes, with their product, a controller for the system that controls the CO2, temperature, and humidity sensor. It also includes fans, flood sensors, and motorized water sprayers—add-ons like fans, flood sensors, and motorized water sprayers included in the architecture. On the software side, they have created a mobile app and a website to track the statistics of plants, along with a live view to monitor your garden.

TABLE XIII. BLOOMIE’S FEATURES
Technology Specification Function
Camera (HD) HD 1024x1024 High-resolution Monitor plant growth
Irrigation Sensor Soil moisture sensors with AI analytics Measure soil moisture
CO2 Sensor Infrared gas sensors Monitor and regulate CO2
Light Sensor Photodetectors Measure light intensity
Temperature Sensor Thermistors, digital temperature
sensors

Monitors ambient temperature

Humidity Sensor Capacitive humidity sensors Measures air humidity
Control Unit IoT connectivity, AI processor Integrates data from sensors,
providing remote access to regulate
the system
Wi-Fi 802.11ac (2.4 & 5GHz) Allows wireless connection for
real-time tracking
Bluetooth 5.0 Allows for connection to change
options in the system
Controlled Switches Input: 100-240V ~ 50/60Hz Powers on and off different systems

d) System Description

Utilizing cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), a variety of sensors, and Internet of Things connectivity, the Bloomiee AI Gardening Control System is a novel approach to maximizing indoor gardening. A central control unit, soil moisture sensors, CO2 sensors, light sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, and a high-resolution camera are all essential parts of the system. Together, these parts monitor and control critical environmental factors suitable for plants. The high-goal camera catches point-by-point pictures of the plants, permitting computer- based intelligence calculations to examine plant wellbeing and identify anomalies like nuisances or sicknesses. By measuring moisture levels and adjusting the irrigation schedule, soil moisture sensors ensure optimal watering. Light sensors adjust lights based on the intensity and duration of light exposure, while CO2 sensors regulate carbon dioxide levels.

Fig 2. The block design of the Bloomiee Project Temperature and mugginess sensors assist with keeping up with stable circumstances by controlling warming, cooling, humidifiers, and dehumidifiers on a case-by-case basis. Using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, the control unit processes data from all sensors to adjust growing conditions in real time. Users can remotely monitor and control their garden thanks to this central unit's connection to a mobile app. The app provides comprehensive oversight of the indoor garden through real-time updates, notifications, and data analytics. The framework's mechanization of routine errands, for example, watering and environment control, lessens the requirement for manual mediation, improving effectiveness and comfort. In addition, the system is scalable to fit gardens of varying sizes and promotes sustainability by optimizing resource management and lowering energy and water consumption. Overall, the Bloomiee AI Gardening

Control System is an innovative, effective, easy-to-use solution that controls the environment to ensure optimal plant health and growth.

Fig 3. Bloomiee Component Make-Up [ 4 ] 2) GeoDrops: Watering made easy for every garden a) Project summary GeoDrops is a creative artificial intelligence-controlled soil sensor framework intended to improve watering for each nursery. It creates a precise watering schedule by combining weather forecasts and environmental conditions with real-time soil data. This system promotes healthier lawns and gardens, reduces water waste, and prevents overwatering. GeoDrops automate irrigation so that plants get the right amount of water, boosting their growth and vitals.

b) Fundraising Strategies For its Kickstarter campaign, GeoDrops has utilized several successful strategies. To begin, it set a modest $10,000 target for its initial funding, which it has significantly exceeded, indicating strong market interest and demand. At the date of recording, the funding has reached $47,000. The mission offers various vow levels with related prizes to draw in benefactors with various financial plan levels. For instance, lower pledges might be rewarded with digital recognition or thank-you notes, while higher pledges get first access to the product or discounted bundles. GeoDrops also emphasizes its unique selling points, like AI-driven watering precision and ease of integration with existing irrigation systems, to appeal to gardeners who care about the environment and technology. In addition, the campaign builds trust with potential backers by utilizing compelling images and testimonials to highlight the product's advantages. Ordinary updates and straightforward correspondence about the task's advancement assist with keeping up with supporter commitment

and certainty. Utilizing virtual entertainment and local area outreach, GeoDrops broadens its span, empowering allies to share the mission and draw in additional promises.

c) Technology Overview
TABLE XIV. GEODROPS’S FEATURES
Technology Specification Function
Soil Moisture FDR 10 cm depth-aware moisture probe Moisture sensors with AI analytics to send
to the irrigation system

Weather Integration Data integration via 802.11b with real-
time weather tracking

Adjust watering schedules based on the
weather forecast
Control Unit IoT connectivity, AI processor, dual-
core 150MHz processor

Processes sensor and weather data to
automate irrigation schedule

Irrigation System Intelligent valves, IoT connectivity Tasked with water flow control based on AI
recommendations
Mobile App UI for data monitoring and analysis Track data, remote monitoring system

d) System Description The GeoDrops AI intelligence Planting Control Framework is a watering system that consolidates progressed sensor innovation and computer-based intelligence to upgrade traditional watering system practices. Capacitive soil moisture sensors are part of the system and continuously monitor the soil's moisture levels. These sensors send information to the control unit, which processes the data utilizing artificial intelligence calculations. The system adjusts watering schedules to match current and predicted conditions by integrating real-time weather data. This system ensures that plants get the right amount of water. The shrewd water system framework utilizes exact valves to control the water stream, decreasing waste and forestalling overwatering. The entire setup is managed by a mobile app that is easy to use; the app lets gardeners remotely check how their garden is doing and change settings. This consistent mix of equipment and programming guarantees effective water use, advances better plant development, and works on the gardening of the executives.

Fig 4. GeoDrops Block Design PlantPulse and GeoDrops use technology to improve gardening, but their methods differ. PlantPulse focuses on a comprehensive intelligent garden system that uses AI to provide individualized plant care recommendations and monitors a variety of environmental factors like pH, humidity, light, and fertilizer levels. Real-time notifications and an enclosed garden are two additional features. GeoDrops, on the other hand, uses AI and real-time data on soil and weather to target watering practices' optimization specifically. GeoDrops intends to incorporate effectively with existing water system frameworks and spotlights on forestalling overwatering to decrease water diminishments. GeoDrops is a highly specialized tool for water management in gardening because it excels in precision irrigation, whereas PlantPulse provides a broader scope of plant care management. Although they cater to slightly distinct aspects of smart gardening, both systems emphasize automation, effectiveness, and user convenience.

Fig 5. GeoDrops Ideal Configuration & Utilization [ 5 ]

V. RISK ANALYSIS

Risk analysis in the context of our project involves identifying, assessing, and prioritizing potential risks that could impact our project's operations, goals, or outcomes. It aims to evaluate the likelihood of risks occurring and their potential impact on our objectives. This process includes gathering data, analyzing scenarios, and quantifying risks to make informed decisions on mitigating or managing them effectively. By conducting risk analysis, we can proactively identify vulnerabilities, anticipate potential threats, and develop strategies to minimize negative consequences. This proactive approach helps safeguard our project's assets and resources and enhances its resilience in facing uncertainties.

Risk analysis is crucial for our project because it provides a structured framework to understand and manage uncertainties that could impact our project's continuity and success. By assessing risks comprehensively, we can prioritize our efforts and allocate resources effectively to mitigate potential threats. It enables informed decision-making by providing insights into the likelihood and consequences of various risks, helping us plan for contingencies and reduce potential losses. Moreover, in our competitive and dynamic project environment, practical risk analysis fosters adaptability and innovation by encouraging us to proactively anticipate and respond to changing conditions. Ultimately, integrating risk analysis into our project strategies enhances overall resilience, improves performance, and supports sustainable growth in the long term.

The following list below includes all potential risks of the project under seven categories:

A. Technical

T1. Programming the Micro-Computer and designated application.
T2. Accurate wiring of components and sensors.

B. Resources

R1. Acquiring electronic skills.
R2. Acquiring programming skills.

C. Economic

E1. Surpassing budget expectations.
E2. Hardware malfunction.

D. Schedule

S1. Research time.

S2. Development takes longer than expected.

E. Cultural

C1. There needs to be more adequate social acceptance.

C2. Resistance from some geographical areas.

F. Legal

L1. Lack of knowledge can affect the implementation of the project.
L2. Unexpected legal costs.

G. Marketing

M1. Customer appeal.
M2. Similar products are entering the market.

Fig 6. Fault Tree Analysis

As shown in Fig. 6 , Our project's fault tree analysis provides a structured framework to identify and understand potential risks that could impact our implementation process. At the top level, the diagram categorizes these risks into technical and non-technical issues. Under technical issues, we recognize the critical tasks of programming the micro-computer and ensuring accurate wiring of components and sensors. These tasks are fundamental to the functionality and reliability of our project. On the non-technical side, various categories such as resources, economic factors, cultural acceptance, legal considerations, and marketing challenges are meticulously detailed. Each branch represents specific risks, such as acquiring essential skills, budget expectations, social acceptance, legal knowledge gaps, and market competition.

By breaking down potential risks in this manner, our fault tree analysis allows us to delve deeper into each area of concern. For instance, regarding resources, the acquisition of electronic and programming skills is identified as essential for the successful execution of our project. Economic factors, including the risk of surpassing budget expectations and potential hardware malfunctions, highlight financial and operational risks that require careful management. Additionally, cultural factors such as social acceptance and regional resistance underscore the importance of community engagement and awareness-building efforts. Legal and marketing issues further emphasize the need for comprehensive risk mitigation strategies to navigate potential challenges effectively. This fault tree analysis enables us to proactively identify and address risks, ensuring our project progresses smoothly toward its objectives while minimizing unforeseen disruptions.

TABLE XV. RISK EXPOSURE MATRIX

In Table XV, risks pertinent to our project are meticulously categorized based on their likelihood of occurrence and potential impact. Risks span from those deemed Very Likely to Unlikely, each corresponding to four distinct classes. Class IV encompasses Catastrophic risks, highlighting severe threats like legal complications and unforeseen costs that could profoundly disrupt our project. Class III identifies Severe risks, such as delays in development and challenges in social acceptance, which could significantly hinder progress. Class II covers Moderate risks, including concerns about customer appeal and acquiring essential resources, which may pose manageable but notable challenges. Finally, Class I includes Low risks, such as technical programming tasks and localized resistance, which are less likely to occur or have minimal impact. This structured approach aids in prioritizing our risk management strategies, ensuring that we address the most critical risks effectively to safeguard our project's success.

TABLE XVI. ACTIONS TO MINIMIZE RISKS
Actions
[T1] [T2] Perform adequate research and communicate difficulties with our mentor.
[C2] Understand how certain target audiences operate.
[E2] [S1] Conduct thorough checks of equipment and look into problems quickly.
[R1] [R2] [E1] Take necessary courses and ensure spreadsheets are created to keep track of finances.
[M1] Work on creating an enticing marketing strategy to get potential customers interested.
[C1] [S2] [M2] Create team milestones and set goals to meet expectations for all stakeholders.
[L1] [L2] Perform necessary research on business contracts and consult with experts in the field.

Table XVI outlines specific actions crucial for the success of our project. Actions like performing thorough research and maintaining open communication with mentors (T1, T2) are essential to anticipate and address challenges effectively. Understanding the operational dynamics of target audiences (C2) helps tailor our approach to meet their needs. Regular equipment checks and promptly addressing issues (E2, S1) ensure smooth project operations. Acquiring necessary skills through courses and maintaining meticulous financial records (R1, R2, E1) supports budget management and resource allocation. A compelling marketing strategy (M1) aims to engage potential customers effectively. Establishing team milestones, setting achievable goals, and managing stakeholder expectations (C1, S2, M2) are crucial for project alignment and progress tracking. Lastly, conducting thorough research on business contracts and seeking expert advice (L1, L2) mitigates legal risks and ensures compliance throughout our project journey.

Likelihood of Occurrence
Very Likely Possible Unlikely Legend
Class IV [L1] [L2] Catastrophic
Class III [S2] [M2] [C1] Severe
Class II [M1] [R1] [R2] [E1] [E2] [S1] Moderate
Class I [T1] [T2] [C2] Low

Based on our comprehensive risk analysis, we have identified and categorized potential risks across various critical areas relevant to our project's success. By categorizing risks based on their likelihood of occurrence and potential impact, we have strategically outlined actionable steps to mitigate these challenges. Actions include performing adequate research and maintaining clear communication channels with mentors to address difficulties promptly (T1, T2), understanding the operational behavior of target audiences (C2), conducting thorough equipment checks and swift problem resolution (E2, S1), acquiring necessary skills and maintaining robust financial tracking (R1, R2, E1), developing an enticing marketing strategy to attract customers (M1), setting team milestones and goals to meet stakeholder expectations (C1, S2, M2), and ensuring compliance with legal obligations through meticulous research and expert consultation (L1, L2). This structured approach enhances our preparedness and strengthens our ability to navigate challenges proactively, ensuring our PlantPulse project's smooth progression and success.

VI. OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

In this part of our project proposal, we depict the operating environment of our project; this is a crucial section of the proposal due to the clear explanation of the operating environment of our product, which is one of the key points to our engineering process. Understanding the environment where our project will be tested is essential for the designing and constructing phase of the project to be successful, as overlooking this aspect could potentially lead to logistical failures and malfunction within the device and its components. Typically, the components of the engineering

project are rated to measure ranges of multiple factors like temperatures, humidity levels, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. Ensuring these parameters are accounted for will lead to the optimal functionality of the entire project; furthermore, having a transparent picture of the operating environment will ensure cost-effectiveness due to the robustness of a device often being related to its cost.

Our PlantPulse project is designed to operate in a carefully controlled and enclosed environment, ensuring optimal plant growth and system performance conditions. Lodged inside our garden structure network, this operating environment protects from outside factors like extreme weather conditions, pollutants, and pests that could severely affect the plants and the system. Inside this enclosed operating environment, the operating temperature range for our system is set to be around 10 °C and 35°C, providing an ideal climate for most plant species. Additionally, humidity levels will be constantly monitored, ensuring a 40% to 70% humidity range, which will optimize plant growth. Furthermore, the system will be complemented with multiple sensors distributed around the garden, ensuring accurate and reliable data collection. Moisture sensors positioned in the soil will measure water content and require protection from excessive water exposure while maintaining direct contact with the soil. Temperature sensors throughout the enclosure will monitor ambient temperature and require stable conditions for accurate readings. Also embedded in the soil, pH sensors will measure acidity/alkalinity and need protection from physical damage and contamination. Light sensors mounted above the plants will measure light intensity and require exposure to natural or artificial light sources without obstruction.

Also, the power for the entire system will be supplied via a dual 4A charger, ensuring a stable power supply. This power system will be enclosed and safeguarded against moisture and physical damage, providing reliability and longevity. Communication between sensors and the server will be facilitated by LoRaWAN modules, requiring a stable and interference-free environment for reliable data transmission. Likewise, our PlantPulse project will require the implementation of several machine learning algorithms, such as decision trees, KNNs, SVMs, random forests, and neural networks, to analyze sensor data and provide actionable feedback.

Finally, regular maintenance will ensure the longevity and reliability of the device and its components. This includes cleaning sensors, checking wiring connections, and ensuring all components function correctly.

VIII. INTENDED USER(S) AND INTENDED USE(S)

One of the aspects of our project design is identifying the product's intended users and uses. By establishing these parameters, we can streamline the decision-making process during the product's development, narrowing down considerations and potential outcomes.

A. Intended User(s)

Our PlantPulse project will target individuals or whole organizations involved in cultivating and maintaining the plant environment, specifically those with plant health and growth as their primary goal.

• Garden enthusiasts or hobbyists are eager to create thriving and diverse plant environments.
• Agricultural professionals aim to enhance crop production and ensure the success of various plant species.
• Educational institutions seeking to teach principles of sustainable agriculture. The supervisors and maintenance people of these groups will be charged with directly interacting with the system components to monitor the plant environment's health and well-being by receiving notifications from the system to make informed decisions about their plant care.

B. Intended use(s)

The primary purpose of PlantPulse is to create an intelligent garden system that will optimize plant growth and longevity using automated monitoring through a plethora of sensors as well as a critical software application that will notify the intended users of the plants being in the present as well as the future using different machine learning algorithms and AI strategies. Key intended uses will include:

• Using integrated sensors to control and measure plant-specific parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light intensity.
• Providing real-time notifications to users regarding crucial duties or potential issues affecting plant health.
• Collecting and analyzing sensor data to provide insights and recommendations for plant care using machine learning algorithms such as decision trees, KNNs, SVMs, random forests, and neural networks. Lastly, our project goal is to deliver automated tools that will give clear insights needed to create and maintain thriving plant environments for personal enjoyment, agricultural purposes, or education.

VIII. BACKGROUND

The background part is crucial since it gives the reader a comparison between our project and other similar projects. This context allows the reader to understand our group's distinctive contributions better. Furthermore, by looking at other people's solutions, we can find ideas for improving the design and gain a deeper understanding of the project's importance by examining this part. A common observation about creativity is that it is naturally collaborative, and any invention can be understood as an iterative refining of earlier ideas. In this background section, three projects will be reviewed that share several similarities with ours.

A. Niwa: All-in-one controller of your indoor garden.

Niwa is a project focused on revolutionizing indoor gardening through technology. The team behind it, founded in 2014 and primarily led by Gabriel Yago, the author, utilized Kickstarter to

introduce their product to the market and engage with the community. The project was successfully funded, raising $148,948, surpassing its goal of $100,000 and making it possible.

1) Project Summary

Niwa is an advanced indoor gardening system that allows users to cultivate vegetables, herbs, and fruits year-round, monitoring everything simultaneously. [ 1 ] This system is targeted at urban residents, home gardeners, and small-scale farmers who seek an efficient, low-maintenance solution for indoor gardening. Also, Niwa integrates various sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, light, and nutrient levels. These sensors connect to a smart device through the Niwa app, enabling users to control and monitor the system remotely. The app provides real-time data and notifications, ensuring optimal growing conditions for the plants. Niwa's technology allows for automated adjustments based on sensor data, promoting healthy plant growth with minimal user intervention. The system is priced at $299, with the accompanying app available as a free download.

2. Technology Overview Niwa contains a compact hydroponic unit with integrated sensors and a control system. The device's dimensions are 15 x 15 x 18 inches, making it suitable for indoor use in limited spaces. Furthermore, the system includes temperature, humidity, light intensity, and nutrient level sensors. A standard AC outlet powers it and features a water pool with a capacity of 2 liters. Wireless connectivity is facilitated through Wi-Fi, allowing seamless communication with the Niwa app. On the project's software side, the app will enable users to monitor real-time data, receive notifications, and control various aspects of the system, such as lighting and watering schedules. Niwa's sensors provide accurate measurements to ensure optimal growing conditions, and the system's automation capabilities help users maintain their indoor gardens effortlessly. The Niwa Grow Hub+'s main product also brings commercial-grade features, such as monitoring and controlling your plant's climate (temperature and humidity) and Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD). It also offers home growers automated watering, light, and fan schedules. With the optional CO2 sensor, users can monitor CO2 levels and manage a CO2 device such as a CO2 valve. The Grow Hub+ features 15A per outlet (15A total) and a resettable circuit breaker, enhancing its functionality and safety for various indoor gardening setups.

Fig 7. NIWA GROW HUB+ – SMART AUTOMATION & MONITORING SYSTEM [ 6 ]

3) System Description

Fig 8. NIWA Grow Hub+ System Block Diagram Fig.8 highlights a diagram of the Niwa Grow Hub+, a compact hydroponic unit equipped with integrated sensors for Temperature, Humidity, Light Intensity, and Nutrient Levels. It connects via Wi-Fi to the Niwa App, enabling real-time monitoring and control of lighting, watering schedules, and environmental conditions. Powered by a standard AC outlet, it includes optional features like a CO2 sensor for enhanced plant growth management. The system's automation utilizes sensor data to maintain optimal growing conditions effortlessly, making it ideal for indoor gardening in limited spaces.

B. FarmBot: Open-Source CNC Farming

FarmBot is an exciting project that was launched in 2011 and founded by Rick Carlino and Rory Aronson. It aims to revolutionize agriculture through open-source technology. The team behind it leveraged Kickstarter to launch their product, engaging with a global community of supporters. The project raised $813,666, significantly surpassing its initial goal of $100,000, enabling its development and widespread adoption.

1) Project Summary

The FarmBot project is an advanced, open-source CNC farming system that allows users to automate the cultivation of crops. [ 2 ] It is designed for urban gardeners, educational institutions, researchers, and small-scale farmers; FarmBot provides an efficient and low-maintenance solution for precision farming. The system integrates various tools and sensors to perform tasks such as planting seeds, watering, and soil monitoring. These tools connect to a smart device through the FarmBot web app, allowing users to control and monitor the system remotely. The app offers real- time data and notifications, ensuring optimal conditions for plant growth. Finally, the system is modular and scalable, with prices varying based on size and configuration, and the software is open-source and freely available.

2. Technology Overview FarmBot comprises a robust frame with a gantry system that moves along X, Y, and Z axes to perform various farming tasks. The dimensions of the standard FarmBot Genesis model are 1.5 x 3 meters, suitable for raised beds and small plots. The system includes several pre-assembled components for ease of setup and reliability:

• Pre-assembled cross-slide and z-axis
• Pre-assembled cable carriers with cables and tubing
• Pre-assembled seed injector tool with vacuum pump, tubing, seed bin, seed tray, seed troughs, seed trough holder, and customizable Luer lock needles
• Pre-assembled watering nozzle tool with solenoid valve, tubing, and adapters for a standard US garden hose
• Pre-assembled soil sensor tool
• A pre-assembled rotary tool with an adjustable motor angle and interchangeable bits The hardware features:
• All aluminum tracks, gantry, and z-axis extrusions
• 5mm (about 0.2 in) anodized aluminum plates
• Stainless steel rubber sealed ball bearings and stainless steel hardware
• Injection molded UV-stabilized ABS plastic components
• Four NEMA 17 stepper motors with rotary encoders for precision position tracking
• GT2 timing belts and aluminum pulleys
• 8mm (about 0.31 in) stainless steel leadscrew and Delrin block
• IP67 rainproof power supply with 110 and 220V AC input Electronics include:
• Raspberry Pi 4 and microSD card
• Farmduino microcontroller with integrated Trinamic TMC2130 stepper drivers and peripheral load detection circuitry
• Custom rainproof electronics enclosure
• Universal tool mount and cable
• IP67 rainproof USB camera and mount
• Two 3-slot toolbars
• All tools needed for assembly

Wireless connectivity is provided via Wi-Fi, allowing seamless communication with the FarmBot web app. The app lets users plan and execute farming activities, monitor real-time data, receive notifications, and adjust system settings. FarmBot's sensors deliver precise measurements for soil moisture, temperature, and plant health, ensuring optimal growing conditions.

Fig 9. Farmbot Genesis V1.7 [7]

3) System Description

Fig 10. Farmbot Genesis V1.7 System Block Diagram Fig.10 highlights the FarmBot, an automated farming system with a robust gantry frame moving along the X, Y, and Z axes. It includes pre-assembled tools like the Seed Injector, Watering Nozzle, Soil Sensor, and Rotary Tool for various farming tasks. The hardware features durable construction with aluminum tracks, stainless steel bearings, and UV-stabilized ABS plastic components. Precision is ensured by NEMA 17 stepper motors with encoders, GT2 timing belts, and an 8mm

(about 0.31 in) stainless steel lead screw. The system is powered by an IP67 rainproof supply. Electronics include a Raspberry Pi 4, a Farmduino microcontroller with Trinamic TMC2130 drivers, and a custom rainproof enclosure housing components such as an IP67 rainproof USB camera. Tool mounts, toolbars, and assembly tools complete the system, ideal for automated farming in raised beds and small plots.

C. Google Nest Learning Thermostat

The Nest Learning Thermostat is a smart home device founded in 2010 by Tony Fadell and Matt Rogers as part of their company: “Nest Labs”; the device is designed to optimize heating and cooling efficiency while providing intuitive control through machine learning and sensor technology. Developed by Nest Labs, the thermostat has revolutionized home climate control by integrating sensors and connectivity to enhance energy savings and user comfort.

1. Project Summary The Nest Learning Thermostat is a device designed to minimize energy usage and improve comfort by adapting temperature settings based on user habits. [ 3 ] It caters to both homeowners and renters by monitoring room conditions such as temperature, humidity, activity levels, and ambient light. Utilizing the Nest app, users can manage their thermostats remotely, access energy consumption reports, and receive alerts for potential issues. Over time, the thermostat learns from user interactions to optimize energy efficiency while maintaining optimal comfort levels.

2. Technology Overview The Nest Learning Thermostat integrates advanced sensor technology and connectivity to deliver intelligent climate control:

Sensor Integration:

• Temperature Sensor: Monitors room temperature to maintain desired comfort levels.

• Humidity Sensor: Measures humidity levels to optimize indoor air quality.

• Proximity Sensor: Detects presence to adjust settings when occupants are away or asleep.

• Ambient Light Sensor: Adjusts display brightness and sensor functionality based on ambient lighting conditions.

• Magnetic Sensor: Determines thermostat ring position for enhanced usability. Display:

• Type: 24-bit color LCD

• Resolution: 480 x 480 pixels, 229 pixels per inch (PPI)

• Size: 2.0 inches (5.3 cm) diameter Dimensions and Weight:

• Assembled Unit: 3.3 in (8.3 cm) diameter, 1.1 in (3.0 cm) height, weight 8.6 oz (243.7 g)

• Display: 3.3 in (8.4 cm) diameter, 1.0 in (2.7 cm) height, weight 7.2 oz (205.4 g)

• Base: 2.9 in (7.6 cm) diameter, 0.4 in (1.1 cm) height, weight 1.4 oz (38.3 g) Algorithms:

• Adaptive Learning: Learns user preferences and adjusts heating and cooling schedules accordingly.

• Energy-Saving Features: Energy-efficient settings and schedules are recommended to reduce energy consumption without compromising comfort. Connectivity:

• Wi-Fi: Supports 802.11 a/b/g/n (2.4GHz/5GHz) for remote control via the Nest app from smartphones, tablets, and computers.

• Wireless Protocol: Includes 802.15.4 (2.4GHz) and Bluetooth Low Energy for connectivity with other smart home devices. Power:

• Power Source: Built-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery.

• Power Consumption: Less than 1 kWh/month, ensuring energy efficiency.

The Nest Learning Thermostat (Fig.11) combines precise sensor capabilities with intuitive machine learning and connectivity, empowering users to manage their home climate for enhanced comfort and energy efficiency. This approach optimizes heating and cooling operations and promotes sustainable living through informed energy usage.

Fig 11. NEST Learning Thermostat [8]

3) System Description

Fig 12. NEST Learning Thermostat Device System Block Diagram Fig.12 shows the Nest Learning Thermostat block diagram, featuring integrated sensors for temperature, humidity, proximity, ambient light, and magnetic positioning. It includes a 24-bit color LCD display with specified dimensions powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion battery for energy efficiency. The thermostat employs algorithms for adaptive learning and energy-saving recommendations. Connectivity options include Wi-Fi for remote control via the Nest app and Bluetooth Low Energy for smart home device integration, making it a versatile solution for intelligent climate control in homes.

Our project draws inspiration from the mentioned products in regard to the technology utilized. By observing similar innovations, we have refined our vision to enhance plant care through advanced monitoring and automation. These inspirations have guided us in developing a solution that integrates modern technology with practical applications, aiming to revolutionize agriculture and urban green spaces alike. As we move forward, we remain committed to learning from these precedents to create a robust and effective system that meets the evolving needs of plant care and environmental sustainability.

IX. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS

Intellectual Property (IP) in any engineering project is of paramount importance because it safeguards the legal rights that emerge from the project’s scholarly activities. For any engineering endeavor, IP acts as a critical asset by protecting innovations, designs, and inventions, thereby

ensuring that creators or owners can derive benefits from their work and investment. This protection is crucial for preserving the unique value of our project.

A. Orchard Plant Monitoring System, CN101661664A [ 9 ]

While conducting research on this subject matter, similar intellectual properties were discovered that would be utilized to avoid any form of copyright infringement. One such IP is that of an Orchard planting monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks. Its inventors are Meng Haijun, Li Shinin, and Li Zhigang, and its patent is currently pending.

1. Patent Summary The invention presents a system and method for monitoring orchard planting using wireless sensor networks. The system includes multiple wireless sensor networks with several wireless sensor nodes, gateway nodes, a communication server linked to these gateway nodes, and a host monitoring machine connected to the communication server [ 4 ]. The method involves three main steps, which are as follows:

• The wireless sensor nodes form self-organized networks and transmit collected monitoring data to the gateway nodes at regular intervals. The gateway nodes then package and send this data to the communication server.
• The communication server forwards the monitoring data to the host monitoring machine.
• The host monitoring machine preprocesses the data, removes false data, and uses an expert system to analyze and process the information, creating an appropriate monitoring program.

This invention boasts a well-thought-out design, low cost, ease of operation, effective monitoring capabilities, and high intelligence. It provides valuable guidance to farmers and can issue real-time warnings.

As illustrated in Fig. 12, the present invention features multiple wireless sensor networks composed of numerous wireless sensor nodes positioned throughout the monitored orchard. These nodes transmit packed monitoring data to gateway nodes, which then connect to a communication server. The communication server is linked to an upper monitoring machine. The number of gateway nodes can vary. The wireless sensor nodes include a general sensor node, placed at the top of each fruit tree to monitor air temperature, humidity, and light intensity, and soil moisture sensor nodes located at the roots of each tree. These general sensor nodes and soil moisture sensor nodes communicate with the gateway node using short-range wireless communication modules. The gateway nodes, in turn, communicate with the communication servers via GPRS networks and are equipped with GPRS wireless communication modules.

In practical use, the communication server uses the GPRS network to facilitate two-way communication with mobile communication devices operated by farmers or skilled personnel. Each gateway node contains a processor module, a GPRS wireless communication module, a short-range wireless communication module based on the ZigBee protocol, and a power module.

Additionally, the invention includes CO2 concentration sensor nodes placed in the orchard, which also communicate with the gateway nodes using short-range wireless communication modules.

Fig 13. Circuit block diagram of the plant monitoring invention [4]
Description of reference numerals:
1 - wireless sensor network
2 - gateway node
3 - communication server

4 - power module
5 - soil moisture sensor
6 - CO2 The concentration sensor node

7 - upper monitoring machine
8 - mobile communication equipment

2. Claims Table XVII highlights the eight claims brought forward by the creators and indicates their relevance to our project idea.

TABLE XVII. CLAIMS
Claim Description Relevancy

1 A^ plurality of wireless sensor nodes are laid in the monitored orchard, the
communication server.

Yes

2 It is characterized by the following: the described short-range wireless
communication module is the short-range wireless communication module
based on the ZigBee agreement.

No

3 The described system includes CO2 concentration sensor nodes placed in the
monitored orchard, connected via short-range wireless modules to a gateway
node. This setup enables two-way communication between the CO2
concentration sensor and gateway nodes.

No

4 General sensor nodes (4) have air temperature, humidity, and illumination
intensity sensors connected to a processor module. Each node is powered by a
system supporting the processor and a ZigBee-based short-range wireless
communication module.

Yes

5 The soil moisture sensor node (5) consists of a soil moisture sensor module, a
processor module two, and a ZigBee-based short-range wireless
communication module two, all powered by power module two.

Yes

6 The CO2 concentration sensor node (6) features a CO2 sensor module,
processor module three, and ZigBee-based wireless communication module
three, all powered by a single power module three.

Yes

7 The gateway node (2) includes a processor module four, a GPRS wireless
communication module connected to it, a short-range wireless communication
module, and a power module four supplying power to all components.

No

8 It is characterized in that this method may further comprise the steps:
Real-time monitoring of orchard parameters using multiple wireless sensor
nodes grouped into networks (1) using MANET mode. Nodes collect data and
send it to their respective gateway node (2), which consolidates and sends the
data to the communication server (3).
The communication server (3) forwards the data to the upper monitoring
machine (7).
The upper monitoring machine (7) performs further analysis and processing of
the data.

Yes

3) Non-Infringement
The patent described in this proposal differs from PlantPulse based on the following:

TABLE XVIII. NON-INFRINGEMENT
PlantPulse Monitoring System Orchard Monitoring System

This system is more straightforward and more
localized, relying on sensors, probes, or meters
placed directly in the soil or near individual plants.
It will use local networks or Bluetooth connectivity
for data transmission.

This system comprises a more extensive
infrastructure, such as the networks of sensors
mentioned. The patent also relies on advanced
communication technologies such as the ZigBee
technology for data transmission and analysis.

Data collected from this project’s plant monitoring
system would focus on immediate needs like
watering schedules, nutrient levels, and pest
control for specific plants or groups of plants.

The orchard monitoring system is designed to
generate large volumes of data over extended
periods, requiring more complex analytics for trend
analysis, predictive modeling, and long-term
management strategies to optimize crop yield and
quality.

B. System and method for plant monitoring, US20160148104A1 [1 0 ]

This patent is currently assigned to Prospera Technologies Ltd. It was filed by inventors Raviv Itzhaky, Daniel Koppel, and Simeon Shpiz. The application status became active on July 16, 2019, and is set to expire in 2037. The patent indicates that it is an automated system and method for monitoring plants. The process involves identifying one or more test inputs within a designated test area, including plant segments. It further includes generating predictions about the condition of the plant based on these test inputs using a prediction model. This model is developed from a training dataset comprising inputs and corresponding outputs, where each output corresponds to a specific input. And Simeon Shpiz. The application status became active on July 16, 2019, and is set to expire in 2037. The patent indicates that it is an automated system and method for monitoring plants. The process involves identifying one or more test inputs within a designated test area, which includes segments of a plant. It further comprises generating predictions about the condition of the plant-based on these test inputs using a prediction model. This model is developed from a training dataset comprising inputs and corresponding outputs, where each output corresponds to a specific input.

1) Patent Summary

The disclosed embodiments describe a method and system for monitoring plants. The technique involves identifying test inputs within a specified area containing parts of a plant and using these inputs and a prediction model to generate predictions about the plant's condition. The prediction model is built from a training set comprising inputs and outputs, where each output corresponds to a specific input. Similarly, the system includes a processing unit and memory configured to execute instructions for identifying test inputs and generating plant condition predictions based on the same principles outlined in the method. Fig. 14 below demonstrates the setup of the patent.

Fig 14. A schematic diagram of a system for automatic plant monitoring is utilized to describe the various disclosed embodiments. [10] 2) Claims Within this patent are 25 claims that seek to introduce a comprehensive method and system for automating the monitoring of plants. It focuses on leveraging test inputs, including visual data (like image sequences) and environmental parameters (such as temperature and humidity), to predict various aspects of plant health and growth using sophisticated prediction models. These models are trained on extensive datasets, allowing for accurate predictions of diseases, pest activity, nutrient deficiencies, future disease risks, harvest yields, and optimal harvest times. Additionally, the patent aims to generate actionable growing recommendations based on these predictions, which can be displayed, transmitted to users' devices, or shared online, enabling informed decision- making and proactive plant management. The system integrates sensors like cameras and environmental sensors to capture necessary input data, ensuring real-time monitoring capabilities for agricultural applications. It predicts various aspects of plant health and growth using sophisticated prediction models. These models are trained on extensive datasets, allowing for accurate predictions of conditions like diseases, pest activity, nutrient deficiencies, future disease

risks, harvest yields, and optimal harvest times. Additionally, the patent aims to generate actionable growing recommendations based on these predictions, which can be displayed, transmitted to users' devices, or shared online, thereby enabling informed decision-making and proactive plant management. The system integrates sensors like cameras and environmental sensors to capture necessary input data, ensuring robust and real-time monitoring capabilities for agricultural applications.

3. Non-Infringement The patent US20160148104A1 focuses on automated plant monitoring through advanced predictive modeling using visual and environmental data to predict and manage various aspects of plant health and growth, including diseases, pest activity, nutrient deficiencies, and optimal harvest conditions. It emphasizes proactive management by generating actionable recommendations based on real-time data captured by cameras and environmental sensors. In contrast, PlantPulse centers on real-time soil monitoring using a network of sensors embedded in the soil. It prioritizes continuous monitoring of soil parameters such as moisture levels, temperature, and specific nutrients like phosphorus, calcium, and potassium, using durable, water, dust, and rust-resistant sensors. PlantPulse aims for ease of use and low maintenance with modular hardware expansion ports and LoRaWAN connectivity, focusing on optimizing plant nutrition and environmental conditions through detailed soil analysis.

C. AI-powered autonomous plant-growth optimization system that automatically adjusts input variables to yield desired harvest traits, US11308715B2 [1 1 ]

This patent is currently assigned to Ageye Technologies Inc. Furthermore, it was filed by inventors Nicholas R. Genty and John M. J. Dominic. The application status became active on April 19, 2022, and is set to expire in 2039. The primary purpose of this patent is to introduce and protect a method and system that leverages advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet (IoT) for optimizing plant growth in indoor farming environments. Specifically, it aims to automate the monitoring and adjustment of growing conditions, particularly lighting, based on real-time data from optical, imaging, environmental, and light sensors. This approach is designed to enhance plant quality and maximize crop yields throughout different stages of growth, thereby improving efficiency and productivity in indoor farming operations. This patent is currently assigned to Ageye Technologies Inc. And was filed by inventors Nicholas R. Genty and John M. J. Dominic. The application status became active on April 19, 2022, and is set to expire in

2039. The primary purpose of this patent is to introduce and protect a method and system that leverages advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet (IoT) for optimizing plant growth in indoor farming environments. Specifically, it aims to automate the monitoring and adjustment of growing conditions, particularly lighting, based on real-time data from optical, imaging, environmental, and light sensors. This approach is designed to enhance plant quality and maximize crop yields throughout different stages of growth, thereby improving efficiency and productivity in indoor farming operations.

1) Patent Summary

The invention pertains to indoor agriculture, specifically methods and systems that utilize artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet-of-things (IoT) technologies. These systems employ optical, imaging, environmental, and light sensors to monitor and enhance plant growth and quality in real-time within indoor farms. Data from these sensors inform adjustments to growing conditions and exceptionally light levels, tailored to optimize growth throughout various phases of plant development, aiming to achieve desired harvest characteristics automatically. The system uses sensors like cameras and environmental monitors to maximize plant growth in indoor farms in real time by adjusting light and other conditions. These sensors form a wireless network (IoT) and employ machine learning and image recognition to fine-tune growth parameters. A cloud- based model is trained and deployed to an edge device on-site to ensure continuous optimization despite connectivity challenges. This self-regulating process adjusts light intensity and spectral output to enhance crop quality and yield based on real-time plant monitoring. Fig. 14 , shown here, highlights the setup of this patent. by adjusting light and other conditions. These sensors form a wireless network (IoT) and employ machine learning and image recognition to fine-tune growth parameters. A cloud-based model is first trained and then deployed to an edge device on-site to ensure continuous optimization despite connectivity challenges. This self-regulating process adjusts light intensity and spectral output to enhance crop quality and yield based on real-time plant monitoring. Fig. 15 , shown here, highlights the setup of this patent.

Fig 15. An AI-powered autonomous plant-growth optimization system automatically adjusts input variables to
yield desired harvest traits. [1 1 ]

2) Claims

The patent has 15 claims and ultimately describes a method to optimize indoor plant growth using AI and sensors. It starts by analyzing plant images to determine growth phases with a neural network. Based on this, an AI model selects the best light wavelength for plant growth via nearby fixtures. The system also detects plant stress using environmental data, predicts disease outbreaks, identifies pathogens from images, and forecasts harvest times. Users receive notifications about plant status and readiness for harvest. This technology aims to automate and improve indoor farming efficiency for better crop yields and quality.

3. Non-Infringement This patent focuses on advancing indoor farming through AI and sensor integration, aiming to optimize plant growth by analyzing growth phases, adjusting light wavelengths, detecting stress, predicting diseases, and notifying users about plant readiness for harvest. In contrast, PlantPulse specializes in soil-based monitoring using a network of sensors to track real-time data like humidity, temperature, and soil nutrients. It prioritizes safety and ease of use with modular hardware and LoRaWAN connectivity, ensuring durable and low-maintenance operations. This approach centers on optimizing soil conditions to support healthy plant growth, diverging from the AI-driven indoor farming techniques of patent US11308715B2.

Conclusively, three different patents that could be related to our project were discussed; it was explained how our current project differs from the ones listed, where two relied heavily on Artificial Intelligence for data analysis and decision-making processes, whereas the third patent focused solely on the monitoring of orchards without integrating broader environmental sensing capabilities. By identifying these distinctions, we highlight the unique approach of our project.

D. Trademark Patents

Fig.16, displayed below, represents the trademark to be used for our product.

Fig 16. Trademark

X. GLOBALIZATION

Globalization has significantly impacted how agricultural technologies such as PlantPulse are developed and deployed across diverse markets. It is increasingly becoming more likely that a product that finds success locally will find deployment globally to gauge the interest in foreign

markets. To reach the same level of success as other famous international brands and products, the intelligent soil sensor system must be appealing in its functions and used for its targeted audience regardless of the settings in which it will operate.

PlantPulse - a sophisticated network of soil monitoring sensors - leverages precision agriculture principles to deliver customized soil management advice to users worldwide and produce results. This approach enhances crop productivity and sustainability and positions PlantPulse as a pivotal tool in the global agricultural sector. In addition to its practicality, diverse marketing practices will be necessary to push the influence of the product into the international audience of various cultures.

A. Adapting to Global Markets

To succeed globally, PlantPulse must be adaptable to various agricultural environments and regulatory landscapes. Potential success means the system complies with international standards and accommodates diverse farming practices and climatic conditions. In addition to international regulations, each country has its own set of criteria that govern the import and use of agricultural technology.

Agricultural practices vary significantly worldwide due to differences in culture, climate, crop types, and farming techniques. As such, the system must be versatile in its implementation to support these varied factors effectively. The system should be capable of being configured to support the specific crop cycles, planting techniques, and harvest schedules unique to each region. For example, the scheduling and notification systems within PlantPulse will be modified to remind users of the optimal times for planting or irrigating the plants based on local agricultural calendars.

Different climatic conditions affect how the technology will operate in the field. The attached sensors and components must be robust and durable enough to handle various environmental conditions, from humid and rainy to dry and hot climates of Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Preparing for these situations might involve using materials and designs resistant to corrosion, dust, and extreme temperatures to establish reliable performance regardless of stressors. The performance of the soil sensors in the system can vary significantly based on the type of soil in which they are being used. Soil types affect moisture retention, nutrient availability, and pH balance. PlantPulse's sensors will need to be calibrated to reflect these variations accurately. For instance, sensors used in sandy soils need different calibration settings than those used in clay-rich soils to measure the parameters.

B. Compliance with International Standards / Reducing Trade Barriers

Global acceptance of agricultural technology relies heavily on compliance with international standards such as those set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). These standards ensure that technologies like PlantPulse meet universal safety, quality, and environmental benchmarks, facilitating smoother market entry and acceptance across borders.

1) ISO [ 12 ]

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental international organization established in 1947 with a membership of 172 national standards bodies. It brings together experts – through its members – to share their expertise and knowledge to develop voluntary, consensus-based, market-relevant international standards that support innovation and provide solutions to global changes. The various ISO standards for this product are ISO 14001, ISO 9001, and ISO 27001, which will be crucial in PlantPulse’s compliance with global markets.

2) WTO Agreements [ 13 ]

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with trade rules between nations. Its primary function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible. Established in 1995, the WTO currently has 164 member countries, representing over 98% of the global trade and economic output. At their heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by most of the world’s trading nations. This extensive membership makes WTO agreements critical for any technology for widespread international use. The agreements are legally binding contracts between member countries to facilitate stable and predictable international trade. It covers many areas, including trade in goods and services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement mechanisms.

Adhering to trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures under WTO agreements is crucial. This ensures that PlantPulse can be marketed and used in compliance with global trade laws, protecting both the technology and the interests of local users.

3. IEC [ 14 ] The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is intrinsic in setting global standards for all electrical, electronic, and related technologies. Established in 1906, the IEC facilitates global trade and cooperation for electro-technologies, ensuring they are safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly. With members from over 170 countries, including all the major trading nations, the IEC’s standards are essential for achieving international compliance and acceptance of electronic products.

Compliance with IEC standards plays a critical role in building trust and market acceptance; for PlantPulse, this means ensuring that all electronic components are tested and certified to minimize the risk of failure and increase the system's overall reliability. Complying helps eliminate potential trade barriers, ensuring the system can be easily integrated into markets worldwide without needing modifications or specialized adaptations. PlantPulse demonstrates its commitment to quality and safety by complying with these standards.

C. Leveraging Local Insights

Understanding and integrating local agricultural knowledge and practices is vital for the global scalability of PlantPulse. Engaging with local communities and stakeholders to adapt the technology to meet regional needs enhances its marketability and ensures that it adds genuine value to local agricultural practices. All this might involve customizing the sensor's nutrient tracking capabilities to focus on nutrients particularly relevant in certain regions, such as potassium-rich soils in sub-Saharan Africa or calcium-rich soils in southern Florida.

Leveraging these local insights can significantly enhance the effectiveness and acceptance of PlantPulse in diverse markets. Different regions have unique soil compositions, crop types, and agricultural practices. PlantPulse must tailor its sensor calibrations and analytics to these variables to provide actionable insights. This customization ensures that the advice and monitoring provided are relevant and beneficial to the specific needs of local users. Local climates and seasonal cycles dictate agricultural activities. The system needs to align its monitoring and reporting features with these cycles. The alignment ensures it is a technological tool and part of the local agricultural rhythm.

Along with enduring the natural elements, PlantPulse must cooperate and engage with local users, experts, and governing bodies to have valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities within local sectors. By collaborating with these groups, the system can fine-tune its use to address

specific regional issues, such as pest infestations, soil degradation, or water scarcity. Furthermore, partnerships with local universities and research institutions can facilitate ongoing improvements and updates to the system based on the region's latest agricultural research in the area.

To maximize its usability and effectiveness, PlantPulse should provide educational resources and support that are culturally and linguistically adapted to each market. This includes training materials, user manuals, and customer support services tailored to the local language and farming context. Making these resources accessible and relevant enhances user experience and builds trust and loyalty among local users.

D. Collaboration Tools

Effective communication between team members is crucial to any technology project, especially for geographically separated ones. For the PlantPulse project, maintaining seamless collaboration and an efficient workflow is essential to the design and development of the system. To achieve this, the team has integrated specific collaboration tools that support both synchronous and asynchronous communication so that all team members are aligned and can contribute regardless of their physical location.

Discord and WhatsApp were used as the primary tools. Discord offers robust features that expedite effective real-time team interaction, including voice/video calls, screen sharing, and organized channels to categorize the type of research. In this tool, we could brainstorm and think critically about the next steps for the project. WhatsApp was a supplementary tool, providing flexibility for team members if they could not join Discord group calls. For quick questions, updates, and informal communication, WhatsApp bridged the gap between team members to keep them in the loop with new updates and decisions regarding the project's design. The team also used WhatsApp for file-sharing, allowing them to quickly transfer images, documents, and technical files (like Arduino. INO files) across smartphones and computers.

By utilizing Discord for detailed, real-time collaboration and WhatsApp for quick, informal communications, the PlantPulse team maintains high productivity and engagement. This combination of tools caters to the diverse needs of the project. It ensures that every team member, regardless of their role or location, can effectively contribute to the success of PlantPulse.

E. Interviews

The team conducted two interviews with members from educational institutions in different countries to understand their perspectives on whether the PlantPulse system will find success in their respective communities.

The first candidate interviewed was Maria Gomez from Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. She is a 3rd-year agronomy student and shared her thoughts on the product's potential impact in Argentina, a country with vast agricultural sectors in soybean and wheat production. She stated there is a strong emphasis on improving farm productivity and sustainability, especially given the fluctuations in weather patterns. The challenges for its adoption in Argentina’s market will be the cost and complexity of implementing PlantPulse. If we can keep the system cost- effective and user-friendly, it will have significant potential for success. Education on the benefits and operation of the system will be essential.

The second candidate interviewed was Aarav Singh of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, India. He is a 4th-year student in environmental engineering and discussed the adaptability of PlantPulse in the diverse market of India, where most of the population is in rural settings. He said many regions still rely on traditional farming techniques and that the agricultural landscape

needs to be more cohesive. There is a push towards modernization for better resource management and yield operation, but the critical factors for its success will be affordability, ease of use, and local language support. Local demonstrations are necessary to show the visible impact it can have on crop output and farmer income. Traditional farming methods are deep-rooted, and any new technology will have to be introduced in a way that respects these traditions.

In this section, we have demonstrated that globalization significantly shaped the development and deployment of agricultural technologies like PlantPulse. For global success, PlantPulse must appeal functionally across diverse environments and comply with international standards set by ISO, IEC, and WTO to ensure safety, quality, and environmental integrity. The system must adapt to varying agricultural practices and climatic conditions worldwide and engage with local communities to ensure it meets regional needs effectively. This adaptability and compliance will facilitate smoother market entry and acceptance, positioning PlantPulse as an integral tool in the global agricultural sector.

XI. STANDARD CONSIDERATION

In agricultural technology, integrated systems necessitate a range of industry-specific and general technology standards. In developing the PlantPulse system, adherence to established standards is crucial for ensuring functionality, safety, and market compliance. Applying these standards is integral to the project's success, from construction to implementation. Here, the team explores essential standards relevant to the PlantPulse system.

For a system to be a viable product on the market for consumers, PlantPulse will need to align with standards set forth by key standardization bodies, including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) who often collaborate with the ISO.

A. IEEE Standards for Sensor Networks

The IEE provides critical guidelines that help design robust and reliable systems. For PlantPulse, the following standards are particularly relevant to establishing compliance:

1. IEEE 802.15.4 [ 15 ] The IEEE 802.15.4 standard governs low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs) for efficient communication between the wireless sensor nodes in a dispersed agricultural setting. Adhering to this standard ensures that PlantPulse can operate efficiently across extensive farmlands without excessive energy consumption, which is vital for sustainability goals. The standard supports low data rate networks with devices needing long battery life. Ethically, this standard supports the principle of non-maleficence, a core ethic in engineering and other fields. It focuses on the motto, "Do not kill, do not cause pain or suffering, do not incapacitate, do not offend, and do not deprive others of the goods of life." By ensuring reliable and energy-efficient communication, PlantPulse reduces the risk of system failures that could lead to crop damage or financial loss.

2. IEEE 1451 [ 16 ] The IEEE 1451 standards define a set of protocols for network-capable intelligent transducers. For PlantPulse, compliance with these standards means that all sensor data – soil moisture, nutrient levels, or pH – is accurately and precisely captured and communicated in a standardized format. This facilitates data transparency and makes the system more uncomplicated, straightforward, and reliable. From an ethical standpoint, transparency is critical in maintaining trust with users by ensuring that the data is accurate and verifiable. This aligns with the engineering ethics of honesty and integrity, ensuring stakeholders can trust the data used for critical decisions regarding plant care.

B. ISO Standards for Quality and Environmental Management

The ISO provides frameworks that are pivotal in maintaining high quality and environmental stewardship in technology deployment:

1) ISO 9001 [ 17 ]

ISO 9001 is a globally recognized standard for quality management systems. It ensures that PlantPulse adheres to a rigorous quality assurance process throughout its design, development, and deployment. "It helps organizations of all sizes and sectors to improve their performance, meet customer expectations, and demonstrate their commitment to quality. Its requirements define how to establish, implement, maintain, and continually improve a quality management system (QMS)." This standard embodies the ethical principles of beneficence and professionalism by committing to high-quality outcomes that benefit end users and stakeholders. Compliance with ISO 9001 also means that PlantPulse is built with a systematic approach to managing its processes and resources, which directly impacts its functionality by enhancing reliability and user satisfaction.

2) ISO 14001 [ 18 ]

ISO 14001 focuses on effective environmental management systems (EMS). "It provides a framework for organizations to design and implement an EMS and continually improve their environmental performance. By adhering to this standard, organizations can take proactive measures to minimize their environmental footprint, comply with relevant legal requirements, and achieve their environmental objectives." For PlantPulse, this means implementing practices that reduce its ecological footprint, such as minimizing waste and decreasing energy consumption

while operating its sensor networks. Ethically, this standard reflects the commitment to sustainability and natural environment protection. Adherence to ISO 14001 not only helps mitigate the impact of agricultural practices on the environment but also promotes a sustainable approach to farming, playing an essential role in the ethical responsibility of engineering.

C. NIST Guidelines for Cybersecurity

With the increasing digitization of agricultural technologies, cybersecurity becomes paramount. PlantPulse incorporates NIST guidelines to secure its network and data:

1. NIST Special Publication 800- 53 (SP 800 - 53) [ 19 ] Cybersecurity is a significant concern when deploying IoT systems like PlantPulse. NIST SP 800 - 53 provides comprehensive security controls to protect information systems and data from cyber threats. "The controls are flexible and customizable and implemented as part of an organization-wide process to manage risk. The controls address diverse requirements derived from mission and business needs, laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines. Finally, the consolidated control catalog addresses security and privacy from a functionality and an assurance perspective." Perspectives, these controls are crucial for protecting sensitive agricultural data and ensuring the privacy and security of user information. Ethically, following these guidelines demonstrates a commitment to non-maleficence and justice, ensuring that all users' data is secure and equitable.

D. IEC Standards for IoT Devices

The IEC shapes the standards for Internet of Things (IoT) devices by developing international standards to ensure safety, efficiency, interoperability, and reliability. They will be vital for enabling PlantPulse to communicate and function effectively across platforms and systems worldwide:

1. ISO/IEC 27001 [ 20 ] ISO/IEC 27001 is an international standard that “provides companies of any size and from all sectors of activity with guidance for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving an information security management system.” It is essential to design PlantPulse as cybercrime and new threats are constantly emerging. It will help the organization become more aware of the risks and proactively identify and address weaknesses in the system. This standard is essential for protecting sensitive data and ensuring robust cybersecurity measurements are in place. Complying with this means that all data collected about agricultural variables is securely managed. This requires PlantPulse to assess the risks associated with its data handling processes and implement appropriate security measures to mitigate them. This includes controlling access to data, encrypting sensitive information, and ensuring data integrity and availability through reliable backup and recovery processes. From an ethical standpoint, adhering to ISO 27001 is vital for maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of farmer data, thus upholding the principles of privacy and trust. This alignment with ISO 27001 demonstrates PlantPulse's commitment to ethical data management, ensuring that stakeholders can trust the system to be not only effective in its functionality but also responsible in its data handling practices

2. ISO/IEC 27400 [ 21 ] ISO/IEC 27400 provides “guidelines on risks, principles and controls for security and privacy of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions.” This standard addresses the unique challenges associated with IoT environments, including the number and diversity of connected devices, data-sharing capabilities, and limited processing power. For PlantPulse, which involves a network of soil

monitoring sensors and other IoT devices, complying with ISO 27400 means implementing security protocols designed to protect against vulnerabilities inherent in IoT systems. This includes the encryption of data transmissions, securing endpoints, and ensuring that all devices within the network are authenticated and authorized to prevent unauthorized access. The data collected from fields—such as soil moisture levels, nutrient content, and other sensitive information—is processed and stored with confidentiality. Compliance with this standard involves implementing data minimization principles, where only necessary data is collected, and ensuring transparency in data processing activities, allowing users to understand how their data is being used

3. ISO/IEC 30179 [ 22 ] ISO/IEC 30179 is a standard that “specifies the Internet of Things system for ecological environment monitoring in terms of the following: – system infrastructure and system entities of the IoT system for ecological environment monitoring for natural entities such as air, water, soil, living organisms; and – the general requirements of the IoT system for ecological environment monitoring.” It details the requirements for reliable data collection, transmission, and processing within IoT frameworks. For PlantPulse, the standard provides guidelines on the necessary infrastructure to support IoT functionalities that monitor the soil conditions effectively. Adhering to the policies and framework enhances its capability to deliver precise, actionable insights into sustainable agricultural practices.

In this section, we have covered the standards that are relevant to the design and development of the PlantPulse system in order for it to be accepted in the global markets. The team has carefully selected standards that align with the project's technical requirements and ethical considerations, focusing on ensuring functionality, safety, and market compliance. This approach aids in maintaining the integrity and reliability of the system's data transmission. It facilitates its acceptance across global and foreign markets, adhering to industry-specific and general technological standards:

The standards listed below are in consideration of the project’s scope:

• IEEE 802.15.4
• IEEE 1451
• ISO/IEC 27001
• ISO/IEC 30179 These standards collectively provide safeguards to ensure that the system will be developed with a strong foundation in communication, data integration, security, and ecological monitoring without compromising the development process. With this in mind, the team behind PlantPulse is committed to fully complying with the standards listed to ensure the highest standards of safety and quality in the design and deployment of the product.

XII. HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

Our project, PlantPulse, prioritizes health and safety in its design and implementation. The system operates on a standard power supply of 120V 50-60 Hz AC, ensuring compatibility with common household electrical systems while adhering to safety standards. Using low-voltage components within the monitoring system minimizes the risk of electrical hazards. Furthermore, the Arduino Nano r3 microcontroller is encased in a protective housing to prevent exposure to moisture and dust, thereby reducing the risk of short circuits and electrical malfunctions. All sensors and wiring are insulated and strategically placed to avoid physical contact, ensuring safe operation within the garden environment.

In addition to electrical safety, our project addresses environmental health by continuously monitoring soil and air quality. By providing real-time data on temperature, humidity, soil minerals, pH, and fertilization levels, PlantPulse enables users to maintain optimal growing conditions, reducing the need for excessive chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This promotes healthier plant growth and minimizes environmental pollution and potential health risks associated with chemical exposure. The user app offers alerts and guidelines for safe garden management practices, empowering users to make informed decisions that benefit their plants and personal well-being.

A. Liability

Our project, PlantPulse, has robust safety features to mitigate potential liability issues. We ensure that all electrical components meet industry safety standards and are adequately insulated

to prevent accidental shocks. Additionally, we provide comprehensive safety guidelines to educate users on the proper installation and use of the system. Users are advised to regularly inspect the system for any signs of wear or damage and to follow all maintenance instructions to ensure continued safe operation.

B. Intentions Regarding Use and User Safety

Our primary intention with PlantPulse is to offer a safe, user-friendly gardening solution that enhances plant health without compromising user safety. To ensure this, we have implemented several safety recommendations:

• Always disconnect the power supply before performing any maintenance on the system.
• Use the app's alerts to monitor system status and promptly address issues.
• Keep the microcontroller and sensors away from direct exposure to water and extreme weather conditions.
• Ensure all components are securely installed, and wiring is kept out of high-traffic areas to prevent tripping hazards.

C. Labor Safety

Labor safety is a critical aspect of our project development and installation processes. We prioritize the well-being of all individuals involved in assembling, installing, and maintaining the PlantPulse system. Safety measures include:

• During installation, we provide personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and safety goggles.
• Training installation personnel on proper handling of electrical components and tools.
• Implementing strict adherence to occupational safety standards to prevent accidents and injuries.
• Conduct regular safety audits and inspections to ensure compliance with safety protocols and address any potential hazards promptly.

XIII. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

In recent decades, increasing environmental consciousness has compelled businesses to innovate sustainably, leading to products designed with minimal ecological impact. Our PlantPulse project embodies this shift, prioritizing the development of an eco-friendly intelligent garden system that optimizes resource use and reduces environmental harm. This initiative aligns with global sustainability trends and supports community health and well-being. By integrating advanced technologies with responsible design principles, we aim to contribute positively to environmental stewardship and demonstrate the feasibility of sustainable innovations in everyday technology.

A. Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS)

The RoHS Directive, initiated in the European Union, impacts the electronics industry by mandating the reduction of hazardous substances in electronic products. Initially banning six materials, its regulations, requiring compliance since July 2006, have expanded under RoHS 3 (Directive 2015/863) to include ten restricted substances:

• Cadmium (Cd):< 100 ppm
• Lead (Pb): < 1000 ppm
• Mercury (Hg): < 1000 ppm
• Hexavalent Chromium: (Cr VI)< 1000 ppm
• Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB): < 1000 ppm 60
• Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE): < 1000 ppm
• Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): < 1000 ppm
• Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP): < 1000 ppm
• Dibutyl phthalate (DBP): < 1000 ppm
• Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP): < 1000 ppm

This directive highlights the critical nature of environmental health and safety standards in manufacturing processes. An illustrative case is the cessation of nickel-cadmium batteries, once popular due to their durability and efficiency, following studies revealing severe health risks to workers exposed to cadmium, including various forms of cancer and chronic health issues. This led to cadmium's classification as a hazardous material, prompting industries to adopt safer alternatives for battery production.

B. Functions

PlantPulse can be easily installed in various settings, including homes, offices, and businesses. Users install the system by mounting it and configuring its settings using a provided serial number through an accompanying app. Users unscrew the device from its setup for disassembly, maintenance, or relocation purposes. Manufacturers can disassemble the device more thoroughly by removing additional screws to expose all internal parts, facilitating repairs or upgrades. This straightforward assembly and disassembly process is vital, enhancing user understanding of the system's operation and enabling easy maintenance of its internal components.

C. Hannover Principles

The Hannover Principles, developed by William McDonough and Michael Braungart for the 2000 Expo in Hanover, Germany, guide the design of products and buildings, emphasizing environmental impact and sustainability. These principles advocate for coexistence between humanity and nature, promote interdependence, and highlight the responsibility of design decisions on human and ecological health. They encourage creating objects of long-term value, eliminating waste, utilizing natural energy, and continually improving through knowledge sharing. Our PlantPulse project aligns with these principles by using high-quality, durable materials and renewable energy sources to minimize waste and environmental impact while enhancing functionality and longevity.

Our PlantPulse project strives to embody the Hannover Principles by focusing on sustainability and minimizing environmental impact. We use durable, high-quality materials that require minimal maintenance, reducing waste output to virtually none. Our system's components are designed for longevity and powered by a renewable energy source that operates continuously. However, the design is specifically tailored to monitor plant environments, and extending its application to other substances or locations should be approached cautiously by users. We also continuously seek user feedback to enhance both the hardware and software aspects of PlantPulse.

D. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LC/A)

Engineers actively employ the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) to meticulously evaluate the environmental effects of a product throughout its entire life cycle—from the selection of materials to its eventual usage by consumers. This assessment encompasses the ecological impacts of repairing, maintaining, and distributing the product. The LCIA involves compiling an inventory of all materials used in the product's creation and assessing their potential environmental impacts. Despite its limitations, such as being unable to fully quantify or predict the ecological damage due to data gaps, engineers rely on the LCIA to ensure that their products are designed to minimize adverse environmental effects. This method is instrumental in guiding product development towards sustainability, although it cannot always provide a complete picture of a product's potential ecological footprint.

In conclusion, our PlantPulse project is designed to enhance environmental sustainability by minimizing the impact of gardening practices. The RoHS directive informs us to avoid hazardous substances in the system's design, ensuring safety and compliance. The Hannover Principles guide us in maintaining sustainability and environmental awareness throughout our design process. Furthermore, the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) aids in selecting the most environmentally friendly materials for PlantPulse, aligning with our goal of ecological responsibility.

XIV. SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS

Sustainability is crucial for designing products that are durable and eco-friendly. Our PlantPulse project prioritizes sustainability by minimizing environmental impacts and incorporating renewable resources to lessen our ecological footprint. The ultimate goal of sustainable design within our project is to reduce potential adverse environmental effects. By integrating these sustainable practices, PlantPulse aims to have a minimal impact on its surroundings.

A. Hardware

Our PlantPulse project employs a comprehensive lifecycle approach to address the urgent environmental sustainability needs. We actively engage in energy conservation, streamline communication between devices, and focus on reducing operational expenses through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This rigorous assessment allows us to efficiently foresee and mitigate environmental impacts, positioning PlantPulse as a sustainable solution.

We are committed to adapting our system for the evolving smart city infrastructure. By leveraging advanced mesh network technology, we can connect multiple PlantPulse units, ensuring scalable and sustainable urban environmental management. This system meets current needs and offers flexibility to adapt to future demands, making it a viable long-term solution.

Our proactive integration of LCA and ongoing commitment to improving sustainability helps ensure that PlantPulse remains a leader in eco-friendly technology. These efforts underscore our dedication to creating a product that serves practical needs and contributes positively to environmental conservation. This strategic focus is crucial as we expand our technology's application in smart cities, focusing on durability, efficiency, and minimal environmental impact.

B. Software

In our PlantPulse project, we emphasize sustainable software development, ensuring our code is bug-free, clear, and functional. Bug-free software conserves engineering time by reducing the need for extensive debugging. Clear, well-commented code enhances readability and simplifies updates, making it accessible for future modifications. Our functional code ensures efficient operation, contributing to the sustainability of our system.

We are committed to maintaining our software with minimal need for manual updates. Using remote updates via advanced platforms ensures our software remains current and sustainable without physical interventions. This approach makes our code adaptable and maintains its efficiency over time.

Moreover, the PlantPulse project aims to be environmentally sustainable by minimizing energy consumption and waste. We incorporate renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, to power our systems, reducing our carbon footprint. As engineers, we are acutely aware of our products' environmental impacts and strive to minimize them, ensuring our solutions are durable and have a prolonged lifecycle with minimal ecological impact. Every aspect of our design and operational practices reflects this commitment to sustainability, making PlantPulse a leading example of eco- friendly innovation in innovative gardening technology.

XV. MANUFACTURABILITY CONSIDERATIONS

This section demonstrates the importance of making the right decisions in the initial stages of the project. It's crucial that we make the correct decisions since they will affect the overall outcome in the future. For this section, we are going to focus on:

A. Simplify the Design
B. Use common parts
C. Design parts positioning and handling
D. Design for automated production
E. Error-proof product design and assembly

A. Simplify the Design

There are countless reasons to simplify a design, but the main reason is that it's better to keep it simple than complex. By streamlining our design and making it the most efficient with the fewer parts possible, we would have the benefit of having to deal with fewer defective parts, less troubleshooting, fewer complaints, and, in general, better working systems. If we can simplify our design, we can work better and locate sources of errors much more quickly. Also, the hardware- building stages would become more accessible and faster since we would only have to work with a few parts. It’s essential to simplify the design process in the initial stages since if we leave this to the end, we can run into problems that could become more significant problems due to parts compatibility.

B. Use common parts

For the parts that our project requires, we should always take a look first at standardized parts that we can quickly get anywhere in order to save time manufacturing a specific part or putting together components to make it work. Also, this will reduce the waste that our project creates, and the quality of the product will increase since the parts are standard and have been tested and manufactured in the past.

C. Design parts positioning and handling.

Regarding component handling, adherence to the following guidelines is advised: To reduce the risk of unintentional injuries, try to avoid using too sharp parts and use as few flat, thin, and

difficult-to-handle pieces as possible. Make sure the sections are distinguished from one another by having unique properties. Strive for symmetrical designs and create components that are easily twisted together. Avoid parts that are prone to breaking and do not include pieces that will add much labor to the assembly workers' workload.

D. Design for automated production

When we think about our future project, we see our device being manufactured using a completely automated process. Since automation is the most efficient way of manufacturing, we must consider having our device as clean as possible, avoid any loose cable or material that can get in the way of the machine, and make it easy to manage so the machines can pick it up, hold it and drop it without affecting the device, have no holes on the product to avoid damage, look for the best assembly process that would benefit us.

E. Error-proof product design and assembly

It's inevitable that errors happen; sometimes, errors are out of control, but what we can do is prepare our design to be as error-proof as possible in order to prevent unfortunate situations. Error prevention in assembly product design should consider both the production process and the end user's smooth experience. The layout ought to be both intuitive to use and error-free. We must keep our product user-friendly while also keeping it error-proof. We must consider all sources of errors from the start of the assembly to the customer errors that may happen.

XVI. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SOCIAL IMPACT............................................

When working on a technological product, we must look at every aspect that is going to be affected, which includes ethical considerations and social impact on every corner, from the environment to any other possible social impact that the product of the project may have. Engineers continuously transmit their vision of how they want the world to be through their work; this could be good or, depending on how ethical it is. It is essential that we envision our project in the world. Every project must comply with the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Code of Ethics.

A. Ethical Considerations

When a product does not comply with the Code of Ethics, it creates an ethical dilemma, which can be addressed by using the Ethical Model Theory to see what option the team should move forward with. Our project is not an exception to this rule; we are fully committed to complying with the IEEE Code of Ethics, and we will have a strict procedure to ensure we comply and do not break any code while we are working on the project. The following codes were carefully read and reviewed by everyone involved in this project to ensure that we comply with them:

1. To hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public, to strive to comply with ethical design and sustainable development practices, and to disclose disclosers that might endanger the public or the environment.
2. To avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible and disclose them to affected parties when they do exist.
3. To be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data.
4. To reject bribery in all its forms.
5. To improve individuals' and society's understanding of the capabilities and societal implications of conventional and emerging technologies, including intelligent systems.
6. To maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if qualified by training or experience after full disclosure of pertinent limitations.
7. To seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit appropriately the contributions of others.
8. To treat all persons fairly and not engage in acts of discrimination based on race, religion, gender, disability, age, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression.
9. To avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious action.
10. To assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to support them in following this code of ethics.

To adhere to the IEEE Code of Ethics, we will actively seek and accept all genuine criticism. We recognize that with our project, we must take full responsibility for our decisions and any resulting conflicts. As the inventors of PlantPulse, we are acutely aware of the potential risks associated with modern technology, particularly the threat of cyberattacks. A possible ethical dilemma that could significantly interfere with the functionality of PlantPulse involves a sophisticated hacking incident.

Imagine a scenario where a hacker gains unauthorized access to the PlantPulse network. This hacker could exploit vulnerabilities in the system’s security protocols to infiltrate the network, gaining control over the data flow and sensor operations. The hacker could then manipulate the data being transmitted by the sensors, providing false readings on soil moisture levels, plant health, and environmental conditions.

For example, the hacker could send incorrect data indicating that fields are parched when they are not, prompting the automated irrigation systems to overwater the crops. This not only wastes valuable water resources but could also lead to waterlogged soil and crop damage. Conversely, the hacker might falsify data to show optimal conditions when the plants are suffering from pests or nutrient deficiencies, causing farmers to miss critical intervention opportunities. To address this type of situation, we have incorporated the following options into Table XVIII.

TABLE XVIII. OPTIONS FOR RESPONDING TO THE ETHICAL DILEMMA
Options Description
1 Quickly identify the breach, patch vulnerabilities, and strengthen security measures to prevent further
attacks.
2 Immediately disclose the breach to all affected parties, including users, regulatory bodies, and
partners.
3 Focus on actions that safeguard PlantPulse’s long-term interests, such as investing in innovative
cybersecurity technologies.
4 Users are provided with clear information regarding the product's functionalities and its inherent
limitations without any assistance being provided.

TABLE XIX. PHILOSOPHIES FOR RESPONDING TO THE ETHICAL DILEMMA
Theories
Options Utilitarianism Egoism Kantian Rights Sum

1 1.00^ 0.25^ 0.75^ 0.50^ 2.50^

2 1.00^ 0.50^ 1.00^ 1.00^ 3.50^

3 1.00^ 1.00^ 1.00^ 1.00^ 4.00^

4 0.00^ 1.00^ 0.25^ 0.25^ 1.50^

Table XIX shows all the options weighed against every ethical theory and the addition of those all together at the end, which at the end will yield the best overall choice to solve the moral dilemma of this project. The best option is option 3, when all the options are evaluated using the Ethical Theory Model.

B. Social Impact

Our project's development can revolutionize agriculture and environmental monitoring, with significant social impacts across various domains. First, in the realm of agriculture, such networks could enhance food security by providing real-time data on plant health, soil conditions, and environmental factors. This information can enable farmers to optimize their practices, leading to increased crop yields and more efficient resource usage. The implementation of these technologies could help address the challenges posed by a growing global population and climate change, ensuring a more stable and sustainable food supply. Moreover, the increased productivity and efficiency in farming could reduce costs for consumers, making healthy food more accessible and affordable.

From a local standpoint, PlantPulse could be used to transform city planning and management, contributing to the development of "smart cities." By integrating these networks into urban green spaces, cities can monitor and maintain vegetation health more effectively, enhancing urban biodiversity and ecological resilience. This, in turn, can improve air quality, reduce the urban heat island effect, and contribute to overall public health and well-being. Additionally, green spaces have been linked to psychological benefits, providing residents with areas for recreation and stress relief. The data collected from these networks can inform policies and initiatives aimed at creating more livable and sustainable urban environments.

During the interview process, we found out that one of the most significant issues was dead plants and the process of replacing them. This is ethically wrong, and plants are dying due to negligence. Our device can help with that issue since it will measure all the required data to keep the plants healthy. About half of the interviews that we performed mentioned the problem of dead plants; plants are alive just like us, so we should look after them just like they look after us with the many benefits they provide to us.

Globally, plant sensor networks contribute to sustainable agriculture by optimizing resource management and mitigating environmental impacts. They facilitate global food security efforts and promote resilient agricultural practices amidst changing climates. Urban applications reduce the ecological footprint of cities, enhancing global sustainability goals.

However, the widespread deployment of projects involving plant sensor networks also raises essential ethical and privacy concerns. The data generated by these networks, if not effectively managed, could be used to infringe on individual privacy or result in unequal access to information [ 5 ]. For instance, large agribusinesses might leverage this technology to gain a competitive edge, potentially marginalizing small-scale farmers who need help to afford the same level of technological investment. Furthermore, the collection and use of environmental data need to be governed by clear policies to ensure transparency and prevent misuse. Addressing these concerns requires careful consideration of the social and ethical implications of plant sensor networks, promoting equitable access and responsible data governance to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential harms.

Based on Sebastian Deterding's Talk, the intention that we can bring with our design is to facilitate the process of taking care of plants in local areas as well as globally, from a small garden to a big nursery of plants. We intend to create satisfaction and improvement of plant health within the garden section. An unintended effect could be that the user needs to check the garden regularly, and the system may require more materials to keep the plants alive. The values we use to judge this effect are autonomy and user stimulation. We want a system that can keep the plants healthy but also connects the garden with the user and makes it essential for the user. Our vision of a good

life includes connecting with nature while having safety and relaxation, all of which are created by our design automation and interface that connects the user with the garden.

Finally, since ethical and social impacts necessitate a thorough analysis of any new product, our team must ensure that no ethical dilemmas violate established codes of ethics. Should such issues arise, they must be addressed effectively using the Ethical Theory Model. As engineers, it is our responsibility to maintain high standards and develop a product that contributes positively to the world. While PlantPulse may encounter ethical challenges, our team is committed to addressing them conscientiously. Our goal is to foster a cleaner environment and promote food sustainability across society, enhancing enjoyment and well-being for all.

XVII. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

This section narrows down the options for solving our problem and chooses the best solution to provide the best general outcome. We considered many options when we presented our problem; these options could solve the problem, but we need the right solution to our problem. Picking the right option allows us to work effectively and fulfill our objectives as a team. Each option will have different outcomes and trade-offs that we need to work on, but by selecting the concept, we can guarantee that we will pick the right one. For this concept development process, we go through several steps to ensure we end up with the right solution. First, we see our available options, and we list the advantages and disadvantages of each one; then, we weigh each option against each other and determine the best option to solve our problem.

PlantPulse has four main factors within the design that must be discussed: how are we going to power the device, how are we going to supply water to the plants in the enclosure, how is light going to get to the plants in order to keep the plants healthy, and how are we going to connect the device to the server. We considered that we could power the device with solar energy or with batteries, the water can be preserved in a reservoir and distributed using a water pump with an irrigation system, or using a solenoid valve, light can get to plant naturally by using sunlight or artificially using artificial lights, and finally, the wireless connection can be established using Wi- Fi or Bluetooth. These factors will be combined to show the advantages and disadvantages of each and finally determine the best combination.

A. Concept Fan

Fig. 17 represents all the available options for us to develop PlantPulse and the several viable solutions we need to narrow down to get the right solution. The central part of the device will be a Raspberry Pi; from the Raspberry Pi, everything else will come together; it will act as the microcomputer of the device and control many actions. To track all the health data of the plants, we will use digital sensors, including moisture, fertilizer, lighting, pH, and more. The main factors that could vary are water supply, light supply, power sources, and wireless connectivity.

Fig 17. CONCEPT FAN FOR PLANTPULSE

B. Alternative Options

The following Fig. 18 , Fig. 19 , Fig. 20 , and Fig. 21 show the different approaches we take to solve the problem; each figure represents a method that we evaluate and lists their advantages and disadvantages.

Fig. 18 shows the systems being solar powered; solar-powered benefits not only by providing energy to the device but also with solar lighting to keep the plants healthy, also a water pump connected to a water reservoir which will pump the water through a tubing system to perform the irrigation in the garden section, all these components would be wirelessly connected using Bluetooth which provides connecting in particular in range.

Fig 18. ALTERNATIVE 1 “PLANTPULSE ECO” After evaluating this method and considering it, the advantages and disadvantages are shown below:

1) Advantages:

• Uses renewable energy.
• Powerful irrigation by having a water pump.
• The water pump allows the water reservoir to be well placed.
• Costs can be cut thanks to sunlight and Bluetooth.

2. Disadvantages:

• Weather can directly affect the device.
• Maintenance could be complicated for the user.
• Solar panels could increase costs.
• Less range and lower speed due to Bluetooth connectivity. Fig. 19 represents the PlantPulse system connected through Wi-Fi, which provides better range and speed, using a water pump connected to a water reservoir which will pump the water through

a tubing system to perform the irrigation in the garden section, being AC powered and using artificial light to grow the plants without the need of sunlight.

Fig 19. ALTERNATIVE 1I “PLANTPULSE” After evaluating this method and considering it, the advantages and disadvantages are shown below:

3) Advantages:

• New features can be added thanks to Wi-Fi.
• Powerful irrigation by having a water pump.
• The water pump allows the water reservoir to be placed better.
• Lights can be controlled and scheduled.
• It is not affected by weather conditions.

4. Disadvantages:

• Power outages could hurt the plants.
• We may need to replace the lights at some point.
• Wi-Fi could become less secure when transferring information to the app and server. Fig. 20 Represents the PlantPulse system connected through Wi-Fi, using a solenoid valve to perform the irrigation in the garden section, being AC powered, and using artificial light to grow the plants without needing sunlight.

Fig 20. ALTERNATIVE III “PLANTPULSE V2”
5) Advantages:

• New features can be added thanks to Wi-Fi.
• Lights can be controlled and scheduled.
• It is not affected by weather conditions.

6. Disadvantages:

• Power outages could hurt the plants.
• We may need to replace the lights at some point.
• The solenoid valve can increase the cost.
• Weaker irrigation is due to water flowing by itself.
• Wi-Fi could become less secure when transferring information to the app and server.
• The water reservoir must be placed strategically for the solenoid valve to work correctly.

Fig. 21 Represents the PlantPulse system connected through Bluetooth, which limits the range for the user, using a solenoid valve attached to a water reservoir with an open and close mechanism to perform the irrigation in the garden section, being AC powered and using artificial light that would mimic the effects of sunlight to grow the plants without the need of the sun.

Fig 21. ALTERNATIVE IV “PLANTPULSE SHORT RANGE”
7) Advantages:

• It is lower cost since it connects through Bluetooth.
• Lights can be controlled and scheduled.
• It is not affected by weather conditions.
• Better security overall.

8) Disadvantages:

• Power outages could hurt the plants
• We may need to replace the lights at some point.
• The solenoid valve can increase the cost.
• Weaker irrigation is due to water flowing by itself.
• The water reservoir must be placed strategically for the solenoid valve to work.
• Less range and lower speed due to Bluetooth connectivity.

C. Concept Selection

After all these options, we must select the best alternative to solve our problem, and then we must go back and look at our objectives and constraints. For this, Table XX is created to determine the importance of 5 categories. We will provide the importance on a scale from 1 to 9, then compare each category based on the importance. Then, a weighted scale must determine the best alternative to solve our problem.

TABLE XX. WEIGHT CALCULATION TABLE
Safety User-
friendly

Modularity Scalability Marketability G.
mean

W.
mean
Safety 1.00 3.00 4.00 2.00 3.00 2.49 0.423

User-friendly 0.33 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 1.36 0.231

Modularity 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 2.00 0.84 0.143

Scalability 0.50 0.33 0.50 1.00 2.00 0.74 0.126

Marketability 0.33 0.25 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.45 0.077

Total 5.88

Our team determined that safety is the number one priority in our objectives, followed by user- friendliness and modularity. This makes sense since we want to have a safe product that is easy to use.

TABLE XXI. CONCEPT SELECTION TABLE
Constraints I II III IV

Ease of Use Yes Yes Yes Yes

Cost Yes Yes Yes Yes

Accuracy Yes Yes Yes No

Objectives W

Safety 0.423 3.00 1.269 5.00 2.115 3.00 1.269 3.00 1.269

User-Friendly 0.231 2.00 0.462 4.00 0.924 2.00 0.462 2.00 0.462

Modularity 0.143 3.00 0.429 5.00 0.715 4.00 0.572 2.00 0.286

Scalability 0.126 1.00 0.126 4.00 0.504 3.00 0.378 1.00 0.126

Marketability 0.077 2.00 0.154 3.00 0.231 3.00 0.231 1.00 0.077

Total 2.440 4.489 2.912 2.220

Table XXI shows the alternatives going against each other using the weight we determined. Each alternative was rated, and the constraints were included. Each alternative is assigned a number from one to five, with five being the maximum, for how well it satisfies that objective. That number is then multiplied by the weight, and the sum of the products for each purpose is the total score.

Based on the table, alternative II has the highest score. Hence, it is the best alternative out of the four we stated. Also, it does not violate any of our constraints, so it is the alternative that we should move forward with and solve the problem using that solution. Alternative II works with a water pump, which allows placing the water reservoir in an accessible place, Wi-Fi connectivity, which is fast and allows to work on the device in the future without speed or range restrictions, and AC powered so it can be placed indoors or outdoors, and finally have artificial lights so we do not get affected by bad weather conditions. This alternative has the best trade-off and is the least inconvenient—a score of 4.489 shows it is the most effective and reliable alternative. Hence, the team will design and manufacture Alternative II.

Upon nearing the completion of the project, the team believe that they have adhered to the original concept development plan. Throughout the duration of working on the PlantPulse system, there were no instances of new features or components being proposed on top of the existing functions and operations. The team focused on refining the initial objectives and ensuring that each planned component and feature was implemented effectively. Every decision was guided by our original goal of creating a modular, scalable, and user-friendly system for monitoring soil conditions. The selection of components, such as the RS485 soil sensor, WS2812B LED strip, and ESP8266 microcontroller, strictly aligned with the predefined requirements. Additionally, the integration of wireless connectivity and automation features, like the water pump and relay module, adhered to the outlined functionality without introducing unnecessary complexity. This disciplined approach ensured that the project remained on track, both in terms of functionality and budget, while delivering a system that fulfilled its intended purpose without deviation.

XVIII. END PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND OTHER DELIVERABLES

Every project must have a final stage, an end of the project, that shows what the users will receive when we finish the project. End product descriptions break down the project building process and how the developers and designers went through the project in each section. It also shows the features and abilities the product will have once it is completed and helps the users and developers understand the layers of the device. Here, we explain how the product will work and how every component of the device works and connects to the other. Also, this section helps us to show how our product will work and be successful, how our ideas came into an actual product, and how we made our idea a reality.

A. End Product Description

The end product description shows how the final product will work and the features it will be able to do. It shows the components that make the product work from bottom to top. Everything is incredibly detailed and well explained to understand better how the product intends to work. All these specifications are necessary because they show the developers what connects to what and to understand the entire device clearly. Also, it is helpful to the users because it informs them of the product they are using.

We defined three levels of specifications from level 0 to level 2, and we broke down every layer of components the final product will have. This level demonstrates what PlantPulse is and how it is built from bottom to top. Fig. 22 is a level 0 block diagram of PlantPulse's general form. It shows the device's inputs and outputs. It has a power source and input data from the sensors; all these data are collected and viewable in the app for the user. Also, Wi-Fi is used to receive and transmit data to the user, track plant health, and generally keep the system on track.to top. Fig. 22 is a level 0 block diagram of PlantPulse's general form. It shows the device's inputs and outputs.

Fig 22. Level 0 view of PlantPulse It has a power source and input data from the sensors; all these data are collected and viewable in the app for the user. Also, Wi-F receives and transmits data to the user, tracks plant health, and, in general, keeps the system on track.

Table XXII below shows the level 0 functionality, input, and output. PlantPulse will gather the inputs, such as temperature and humidity, around the garden. Internet connection makes this operation possible since it is fast and reliable. Also, the user can see this data on the app.

TABLE XXII. LEVEL 0 INPUTS, OUTPUTS, AND FUNCTIONALITY

Now that we have an idea of how PlantPulse will work, we can show more detail on how every component inside PlantPulse will work. Every component interacts with the system, and each element will track something or perform something different. Fig. 23 shows the interconnections within PlantPulse; everything connects to a fully automated process of caring for the plants, from the microcomputer to the irrigation system. The microcomputer acts as the brain of the device; the microcontroller handles the information of the digital sensors and sends it to the microcomputer; the digital sensors are connected to the microcontroller to track the plant's vitals; the irrigation system and lighting system are connected to the microcomputer as well to trigger them in case the plants need them. All these elements will keep the plant healthy and output the data into the user App.

Module PlantPulse

Input

Power (120 V 50-60 Hz AC)
Temperature and humidity around the garden.
Plant minerals in the soil (Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus)
pH and fertilization levels.
Input from user app.
Temperature and humidity in the garden soil.
Output Plant health tracking in the app.
Data transmitted via Wi-Fi.
Functionality The garden is fully automated; users can track all the plants' health vitals
and every movement and data on the app.

Fig 23. Level 1 view of PlantPulse

Table XXIII below illustrates in detail what each module does, what input they receive, and what output they send. The digital sensors gather data from the soil and around the plant to track all the plant vitals; these data connect to the microcomputer, which sends that data to the irrigation and lighting systems, which will detect if the plants need water or light and trigger accordingly. Also, the user will be able to set schedules for irrigation and lighting, and the microcomputer will receive the schedules and activate the systems accordingly. Finally, the data communication happens within the system and app through Wi-Fi.

TABLE XXIII. LEVEL 1 INPUTS, OUTPUTS, AND FUNCTIONALITY

Module Digital
Sensors

Microcompu
ter

Lighting
System

Irrigation
System

Microcontroll
er

LoRaWAN
Module
Input Power Power Power Power Power Power.
Plant vital
data from
the soil.

Plant
measurements
from digital
sensors.

Data from
microcomput
ers regarding
plant
measurement
s.

Data from
microcomputer
s regarding
plant
measurements.

Data from
digital sensors

Digital sensors
readings.

Plant vital
data from
the
environment
.

The user input
includes
lighting and
irrigation
schedules.

Light
schedules
from
microcomput
er (user
input).

Irrigation
schedules from
microcomputer
(user input).

Output Plant health
measuremen
ts.

Plant
measurements
into the user
app.

Trigger
lights if there
is a schedule
set on or the
plant; the
lights need to
be on due to
low
measurement
s.

Trigger
irrigation
system if there
is a schedule
set or the plants
need water due
to low
measurements.

Data from
digital sensors
processed.

Ease the
process of
transmitting
data to our
Trigger server.^
irrigation
system if
necessary.
Trigger the
lighting
system if
necessary.
Functional
ity

Measure
plant health
data in soil
and
environment
and send
data to a
microcompu
ter for
further
processing.

Process all the
inputs on the
device to
manage data,
send data to
the server to
be viewable in
the app, and
operate
lighting and
irrigation
systems.

Provide light
to the plants
indoors or
outdoors and
automate the
process of
lighting them
for their
health.

Provide water
and nutrients to
the plants on
set schedules or
when required.

Handle and
receive data
from digital
sensors.

B. Functions

The level 1 diagram shows a generalized view of the modules on PlantPulse; now, we can move up to level 2, enabling even more detail on how each module is built and connected and what goes into it. The first block diagram is the digital sensors, and it shows the NPKTHC-S, which is the soil sensor; it will take care of the nutrients in the plants such as potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pH, which enables the fertilization levels as well. Also, these sensors measure the temperature

and humidity of the soil. Then, we have the DHT22, which measures the temperature and humidity in the environment.

Fig 24. Level 2 view of the digital sensors. Table XXIV below explains each sensor's input, outputs, and functionality. It is a more in-depth view of how they work.

TABLE XXIV. LEVEL 2 INPUTS, OUTPUTS, AND FUNCTIONALITY OF DIGITAL SENSORS
Digital Sensors Soil Sensor Moisture Sensor
Input Potassium, nitrogen, and
phosphorus yield fertilization
levels. Ph levels.

Power

Temperature and humidity in the
soil.

The temperature in the environment.

Power Humidity in the environment.
Output Nutrient measurements, along
with temperature and humidity
in soil.

Temperature and humidity in the environment.

pH levels.
Functionality Measure nutrients, temperature,
and humidity in the soil.

Capture temperature and humidity in the environment
and send data to a microcomputer.

A microcontroller handles all the data from the digital sensors; we are using the Arduino Nano r3 due to the easy compatibility with our microcomputer; it consists of a chip integrated, which is the Dual-core Arm Cortex M0+ processor, which is very good for what we are doing, it has the pins on the sides to connect all the digital input. Fig. 25 below is the block diagram of the microcontroller.

Fig 25. Level 2 view of the microcontroller (Arduino Nano R3) Fig 26. Table XXV below explains the microcontroller's input, outputs, and functionality. It is a more in-depth view of how it works, functions, and handles the data.

TABLE XXV. LEVEL 2 INPUTS, OUTPUTS, AND FUNCTIONALITY OF MICROCONTROLLER
Module Arduino Nano R 3
Input Digital sensor data from the garden section.
Power
Output Processed data from digital sensors.
Functionality Handle the data and send the data to the microcomputer.

Next, the level 2 block diagram is shown below in Fig. 26 ; it displays the microcomputer. The microcomputer we are using is the Raspberry Pi model 4; it will act as the brain of the entire device, and every input will go through the Raspberry Pi; it will process schedules data and track the health of the plants, which is the most crucial part. The essential parts that our system will use from the Raspberry Pi are the SoC, which is the Broadcom BCM2711, Quad-core Cortex-A72, the built-in Wi-Fi antenna to transmit the data to the server, the 40 GPIO header where the sensors and systems will connect to work together, it also has the power connection to power the entire device. The outputs will go to the user app as the plant data and the irrigation and lighting system in case they need to be triggered. Also, it will manage input from the user app.

Fig 27. Level 2 view of the microcomputer (Raspberry Pi 4 model B) Table XXVI below explains the input, outputs, and functionality of the Raspberry Pi. It is a more in-depth view of how it works. It is the brain of all the operations and explains how everything works.

TABLE XXVI. LEVEL 2 INPUTS, OUTPUTS, AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE MICROCOMPUTER
Digital Sensors 40 GPIO HEADER SoC Wi-Fi Antenna SX1262
LoRaWAN
Input Data from digital
sensors.

Data from the 40
GPIO headers.

Wi-Fi transmitted
data.

Control pins.

Power Power. Power Power

Output Plant health
measurements
processing.

Plant health
measurements are
transmitted to the
server.

User app. LoRaWAN
connection.

Functionality Connect digital
sensors along with the
irrigation system and
lighting system.

Process the
information fast and
dependable.

Communicate the
Raspberry Pi with
the server to track
data.

Provide
LoRaWan
connectivity
to the system.

The microcomputer is arguably the most essential part of the device because it will connect everything and make it work as an ecosystem. The SX1262 LoRaWAN module goes on top of the header, acting as a HAT for the Raspberry Pi; this provides LoRaWAN server connectivity. The headers and the irrigation and lighting system will receive the data. It will process and transmit the

information, output the data into the user application, and process all input, even from the user. Also, it will handle feedback and send it to the user application for better plant care.

Next is the irrigation system block diagram; it is straightforward since it only handles one function: watering the plants at designated times. It will have a water reservoir with nutrients and a water pump to provide powerful irrigation in the garden. Also, a tubing system with pipes will work as the water distribution system. Fig. 27 below is the graphic representation of the irrigation system.

Fig 28. Level 2 view of the irrigation system. Table XXVIII below explains the Irrigation system's input, outputs, and functionality. First, we fill the water reservoir with water and nutrients; the microcomputer input triggers a water pump, either scheduling irrigation or low measurements in plants; then, the water flows through the water distribution system, which consists of tubes to spray the plants.

TABLE XXVII. LEVEL 2 INPUTS, OUTPUTS, AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Irrigation
system

Water Reservoir Water Pump Water
Distribution

Water Level
Sensor
Input Water flows from the
water pump.

Power Water from the
water reservoir.

Power

Microcomputer Input. Microcomputer
Input.
Output Water flows into the
tube for distribution.

Water flows from the
reservoir for
distribution.

Irrigation process. Water in the
reservoir true or
false.
Functionality Hold water with
nutrients.

Pump water into
distribution tubes.

Spray water into
plants.

Determine if there is
water left on the
reservoir.

The level 2 diagram is the lighting system; this system is simple since it only serves one function: providing light to the plants when needed or if the microcomputer triggers it. This system receives power and microcomputer input to turn the lights on or off. Fig. 28 below shows how the lights module works.

Fig 29. Level 2 view of the lighting system The lighting system is very straightforward; it is a set of lights powered and turned on or off with the microcomputer input, either by low measurement or a schedule set by the user, which the microcomputer handles. Table XXIX below explains the inputs, outputs, and functionality.

TABLE XXVIII. LEVEL 2 INPUTS, OUTPUTS, AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE LIGHTING SYSTEM
Lighting system Lights
Input The signal that turns the lights on or off.

Output Lights on or off on plants.
Functionality Provide light to the garden section.

Finally, the last level 2 diagram is the LoRaWAN module; this system is simple since it only serves one function: transmit the data from the sensors to the microcontroller and server, we are using an esp8266 for this and it works great, it has gpio pins for use to connect the sensors and also has an embedded Wi-Fi antenna and module which helps data transmission.

Table XXVIII below explains the LoRaWAN module, it plugs to the sensors and trasmits the data over to our server.

Module ESP8266
Input Digital sensor data from the garden section.
Power
Output Send data over to our server.
Functionality Handle the data and send the data to our server for the user to see it.

The main function that changed from our initial proposal to our final report was the addition of the LoRaWAN module, we initially intended to use the sx1262 alone that works with the Raspberry Pi. We discovered while working on the project that we needed a way to send the data over from the sensors to the microcomputer, and the esp8266 works great for what we need. We also added a water level sensor for functionality purposes, it does not affect any other piece of hardware. We decided to add the sensor since it will let the user know to refill the water in the reservoir so the systems can keep running.

Table 27 Level 2 Inputs, Outputs, And Functionality Of The Microcomputer ............................................

shows how they correlate and work together to keep the plants healthy and stable.

TABLE XXIX. LEVEL 2 INPUTS, OUTPUTS, AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE LIGHTING SYSTEM
Module Digital
Sensors

Micro-
computer

Lighting
System

Irrigation
System

Micro-
controller

LoRaWAN
Module
Input Power Power Power Power Power Power.
Plant health
data from
plant soil.

Plant
measurements
from digital
sensors.

Data from
microcomputer
(plant
measurements)

Data from
microcomputer
(plant
measurements)

Data from
digital sensors
regarding plant

Digital sensors
readings.

Plant vital
data from the
environment.

The user input
includes
lighting and
irrigation
schedules.

Light
schedules from
microcomputer
(user input).

Irrigation
schedules from
microcomputer
(user input).

health and
environment.

Output Plant health
measurement
s.

Plant
measurements
into the user
app.

Lights are
either on or off
in the garden
section.

Water flows in
the garden
section, ending
in water being
sprayed on
plants to keep
them healthy.

Plant data
processed.

Transmit the
data using
LoRaWAN
protocols.
Trigger
irrigation
system if
necessary.
Handle
feedback.
Trigger lighting
system if
necessary.
Functionali
ty

Measure
plant vital
data in soil
and
environment
and send
data to
Raspberry Pi
for
processing.

Manage data
from sensors
and input from
the user app.
Handle all input
and trigger
required
systems.
Control water
pump to
regulate water
flow. Control
Lights.

Light up the
plants to keep
them healthy
without
sunlight.

Provide water
and nutrients
to the plants on
set schedules
or when
required.

Handle data
and send it to
the
microcomputer
for further
tracking.

Ease the
process of
transmitting
data to our
server.

Fig. 2 9 is a flowchart of how we intend the system to work; this flowchart enables us to see what interconnections are going on and what can be triggered by what in the entire system.

Fig 30. Flowchart of how PlantPulse works The first step is to read the data from the soil and environment; the sensors take care of reading that data, which then sends that data to the Arduino Nano r3, which transmits the data to the Raspberry Pi; the Raspberry Pi processes the data, determines whether a measurement is low, and triggers the required system to fix that measurement. Also, it handles user input for scheduling the irrigation and lighting system. Once we send the data to the user app, it goes back to reading more since plants' vitals can change over time, so it is essential to keep reading to detect anomalies.

C. Specifications

PlantPulse will track plant health data and trigger systems to keep the plants healthy. It will also output that data into the user app. The following Table XXX shows every component that will go into making PlantPulse. While working on the project we decided to change the grow lghts for regular LED lights, also we added the esp8266 which works as our LoRaWAN module. Finally, we decied to add a water level sensor so we can the ability to notify the user if there is water on the container, this also helps the system runs smoothly because the user now knows when to refill the water.

TABLE XXX. MODULE SPECIFICATIONS FOR PLANTPULSE.
Component Specifications
Raspberry Pi 4 B
model B

Broadcom BCM2711, Quad-core Cortex-A72, 4GB RAM, 5V DC via USB-C connector, 5V
DC via GPIO header, Raspberry Pi standard 40-pin GPIO header, built-in Wi-Fi antenna, built-
in relay for power.
DHT22 Digital Temperature and Humidity Sensor Module Temperature, temperature range: -40 to 80
degrees Celsius, accuracy of +/- 0.5 C, humidity measuring range: 0~100%RH, humidity
measurement accuracy: ±2%RH.
Grow Lights 80 LED Lamps with Full Spectrum & Red Blue Spectrum, 3/9/12H timer, ten dimmable levels,
adjustable gooseneck, three switch modes, 5 Volts, 5.63 "L x 3.82 "W x 13.86 "H.
WayinTop Water
Pump

DC Voltage: 3-5 V, outside diameter of water outlet: 0.29"/7.5mm, inside diameter of water
outlet: 0.17"/4.5mm, water inlet diameter: 0.19"/5mm, continuous working life of 300 hours
NPKTHC-S
Sensor

0 - 5V measures soil moisture temperature, humidity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
temperature, and pH levels.
Arduino Nano r3 ATmega328, Pins for programming, 5V.
ESP8266 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, a compact, powerful microcontroller designed for IoT applications.
Featuring a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi capability, it supports multiple networking protocols for efficient
and reliable communication.
Inland WS8218B
Individually Addressable LED Strip 3 Meter 60 LED Per Meter.

CQRobot water
level sensor

The CQRobot non-contact liquid level sensor realizes non-contact detection of the liquid level
in a closed container. 5 V
Programming
Language

Python and Java.

D. Other Deliverables

We must keep working to achieve our end product successfully, and with that comes the responsibility of submitting the required deliverables; we will keep working professionally and on time to achieve those. We also plan on working with the feedback given to improve areas where we may need more performance. Some of the deliverables for our project include:

• Final Proposal.
• Video presentations.
• Final device.
• PowerPoint presentations.
• Final report. By going from level 0 to level 2, we could show how each module of our system is being put together, from the most basic to the more complex modules; this can help us in the future to troubleshoot possible problems. Also, it allows the users to understand how we put together the device. All the tables and diagrams make it much easier to understand this complex device, and hopefully, it helps any reader to know how we built the device. Finally, we also mentioned our future deliverables, and we hope to achieve those in time and professionally.

XIX. PLAN OF ACTION

Our project plan served as a cornerstone for effectively managing and delivering our initiative. By outlining a clear timeline, assigning responsibilities, and breaking down larger tasks into manageable components, we ensured steady progress and balanced workloads across the team.

This structured approach allowed us to identify areas where team members excelled and where additional support was needed, fostering collaboration and optimizing efficiency.

The plan detailed each task, its timeline, and the responsible individuals, creating a well-defined roadmap that prevented overwhelm and maintained focus. The phased approach facilitated the systematic execution of our complex project, enhancing our ability to achieve milestones methodically and deliver results successfully.

A. Statement of Work (SOW)

The statement of work provides a clear and concise overview of the key managerial aspects crucial for the PlantPulse project. It defines the project’s scope, location, completion timeline, and a summary of personnel involvement. Additionally, it outlines the specific responsibilities of each team member during the design, implementation, and testing phases. This document has been instrumental in setting clear expectations and guiding the project’s successful progression. Furthermore, the inclusion of equipment cost estimates has enabled efficient budget management and resource allocation, ensuring the project remained financially on track.

• Microcontroller System: $150 - Includes components such as the ELEGOO Nano Board, Raspberry Pi 4B, and communication modules like the RS-485 Transceiver.
• Sensors: $200 - Covers soil moisture sensors, pH sensors, temperature, and light sensors (e.g., DHT22/AM2302, LM393 Soil Detector).
• Networking Equipment: $50 - Includes LoRaWAN modules like the SX1262 HAT RF Chip to ensure reliable long-distance communication.
• Enclosure Materials: $75 - Includes the MELONFARM Grow Tent and other durable, weather-resistant materials for housing hardware components.
• Miscellaneous Supplies: $25 - Wires, screws, Breadboard Kit with Power Supply, and other minor components.

1. Scope The completed PlantPulse project seamlessly integrates hardware and software to provide a robust garden monitoring system. Its hardware component includes sensors that measure essential environmental conditions such as soil moisture, pH, temperature, and light, which are connected to a microcontroller for efficient data processing. The system also features solar panels for sustainable power. The software includes a custom dashboard that collects and visualizes real-time data, offering actionable insights. LoRaWAN technology ensures reliable communication and extensive network coverage, making it scalable for gardens of all sizes.

2) Location

The project was developed at the Engineering Campus of Florida International University. This centralized location facilitated collaboration among team members, enhancing communication and ensuring timely completion of milestones.

3) Period

The project spanned two semesters, beginning in Senior Design I during Summer 2024 and concluding in Senior Design II in Fall 2024. The final functional prototype was successfully delivered on time, meeting all outlined objectives.

4) Deliverable Schedule

The project’s deliverables were meticulously tracked to ensure consistent progress. The following schedule reflects all deliverables, including those added during the final phase:

• June 18, 2024: Proposal Part 1
• June 20, 2024: Presentation 1
• June 25, 2024: 1-Minute Storyboard and 1-Minute Video
• July 18, 2024: Proposal Part 2
• July 23, 2024: Presentation 2
• July 25, 2024: Final Proposal and Project Demonstration
• September 27, 2024: Written Report 1
• October 25, 2024: Written Report 2
• November 22, 2024: Written Report 3
• December 2, 2024: Final Report, Poster, and Final Presentation
• December 5, 2024: Virtual Showcase

B. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) was an essential part of managing and completing the PlantPulse project, allowing us to divide the work into phases and track progress effectively. Below is a detailed comparison of the proposed WBS and the completed WBS, alongside team responsibilities. Fig. 30 shows the breakdown of all the work that must be done for the product.

Fig 31. Work Breakdown Structure
1) Proposed Phases

We will organize our PlantPulse project into six critical phases, each tailored to develop a comprehensive intelligent garden system. These phases include Conceptual Design, Sensor and Circuit Configuration, Software Design, Microcontroller Setup, Enclosure Development, and Prototype Testing. We have designed each stage with specific tasks and objectives that systematically guide our project toward completing the final product.

a) Phase 1 - Conceptual Design Objective: This phase focuses on preliminary preparations, including research, materials procurement, and budget planning for developing our intelligent garden system, PlantPulse. It aims

to streamline all preparatory tasks like paperwork and funding to clear the way for product development.

Approach: We will start by finalizing the proposal and completing all required documentation. At the same time, we will procure all necessary materials for building PlantPulse. Additionally, we will begin efforts to secure funding through a planned fundraiser during this phase.

Expected Results: By the end of this phase, we will have completed the proposal, secured all required materials, and launched a fundraiser. These foundational steps set the stage for the subsequent design and development phases.

Timeline: This phase runs from June 10 , 2024, to August 14, 2024. During this period, we will also order needed parts, refine our design, and perform initial theoretical evaluations to anticipate and address potential design challenges.

b) Phase 2 - Sensor and Circuit Configuration Objective: This phase focuses on creating a practical circuit diagram that links all hardware components of our intelligent garden system. The diagram will incorporate detailed calculations for effective real-world implementation.

Approach: The team will initially draft the circuit diagram on paper, discussing and refining ideas to optimize the layout. We will simulate the circuit to verify that its performance meets expectations before physically assembling the hardware and making all necessary connections.

Expected Results: The outcome will be a fully operational circuit that efficiently and effectively connects all electrical components of the system. It will ensure that each element receives the correct power levels.

Timeline: The Sensor and Circuit Configuration phase is scheduled from August 15, 2024, to September 1, 2024. This phase involves configuring and powering the sensors, requiring a detailed examination and implementation of the power supply.

c) Phase 3 - Software Design Objective: This phase aims to design and develop the software components necessary to operate the innovative garden system PlantPulse. It creates an app that will control the environment and the algorithms to process sensor data and control the system based on environmental feedback.

Approach: The team will use a combination of programming languages and development environments to craft the software. We will perform the initial coding in a controlled environment to ensure functionality. Adjustments will be made based on test results to refine the software's efficiency and reliability.

Expected Results: By the end of this phase, we aim to have robust software that can reliably gather data, analyze it, and make decisions that influence the operation of the garden system effectively.

Timeline: The Software Design phase is planned from September 2, 2024, to September 29 ,

2024. This stage will involve iterative development and testing to ensure the software meets all necessary specifications for managing the innovative garden system.

d) Phase 4 - Microcontroller Setup

Objective: To integrate and configure the microcontroller that serves as the central processing unit for the PlantPulse system, managing input from sensors and controlling outputs based on software commands.

Approach: The team will install the chosen microcontroller, program it with the developed software, and establish connections with all relevant system components. Functional tests will ensure that the microcontroller accurately processes sensor data and executes control actions.

Expected Results: A fully operational microcontroller efficiently coordinating the garden system's functionalities.

Timeline: Scheduled from September 30, 2024, to October 14, 2024, this phase is critical for ensuring that all electronic components function harmoniously.

e) Phase 5 - Enclosure Development Objective: To design and construct a durable, weather-resistant enclosure that houses and protects the PlantPulse system's electronic components.

Approach: Design considerations will include material selection for durability and aesthetics, component layout for operational efficiency, and accessibility for maintenance. Prototyping and testing of the enclosure will follow the design phase.

Expected Results: An enclosure that protects components from environmental elements and supports the system's functional requirements.

Timeline: This phase runs from October 15, 2024, to November 4, 2024, focusing on the physical integration of the system into a single, manageable unit.

f) Phase 6 - Prototype Testing Objective: To comprehensively test the PlantPulse prototype to validate its functionality, durability, and user interface.

Approach: The prototype will undergo rigorous testing under various environmental conditions to simulate real-world use. Feedback from these tests will guide final adjustments before the product launch.

Expected Results: Confirmation that the prototype meets all specified performance criteria and is ready for full-scale production.

Timeline: Set from November 5, 2024, to December 2 , 2024, this final phase ensures the system's readiness for deployment and user adoption.

2) Completed Phases

a) Phase 1 - Conceptual Design

• Objective: To establish the foundation of the PlantPulse project by defining its scope, conducting research, sourcing materials, and creating a comprehensive project plan.
• Completed Activities: o Conducted thorough research on existing smart gardening systems to identify gaps and opportunities.

o Finalized the project proposal and ensured all documentation, including technical
specifications, was completed.
o Sourced materials from multiple suppliers to ensure cost-effectiveness and
quality.
o Launched a fundraiser to secure additional funding, successfully meeting the
financial needs for the project.

• Outcome: The proposal was approved, all materials were procured, and a clear roadmap for the project was established. The team was aligned and ready to transition into the next phase with a shared understanding of goals and expectations.

b) Phase 2 - Sensor and Circuit Configuration

• Objective: To design and implement the electrical components required for PlantPulse, ensuring the sensors and circuits work seamlessly.
• Completed Activities: o Created an initial circuit diagram on paper, iterating through multiple designs to optimize power distribution and connectivity. o Simulated the circuit virtually to identify and resolve potential issues before physical assembly. o Assembled and tested all sensors, including soil moisture, pH, light, temperature, and humidity sensors, ensuring compatibility with the microcontroller. o Addressed challenges with sensor power requirements by adding voltage regulators and reconfiguring connections.
• Outcome: Delivered a functional circuit that effectively integrates all sensors and ensures reliable power distribution. Minor adjustments extended the timeline slightly, but the team overcame these challenges without impacting subsequent phases.

c) Phase 3 - Software Design

• Objective: To develop a software application capable of processing sensor data, analyzing environmental conditions, and managing the system autonomously.
• Completed Activities: o Developed a mobile app with a user-friendly interface for monitoring and controlling the system. o Designed algorithms for analyzing real-time sensor data and providing actionable insights to users. o Implemented a machine learning model to predict plant needs based on environmental conditions. o Conducted extensive testing to ensure the app communicates effectively with the microcontroller and hardware components. o Incorporated user feedback from prototype testing into app refinements.
• Outcome: Delivered a robust app capable of collecting, analyzing, and visualizing data while allowing users to control the system remotely. The app is a central feature of PlantPulse, demonstrating its practicality and ease of use.

d) Phase 4 - Microcontroller Setup

• Objective: To configure and integrate the microcontroller as the central processing unit of PlantPulse, ensuring seamless communication between software and hardware.
• Completed Activities: o Selected and programmed the microcontroller with the developed software. o Established connections between the microcontroller and all sensors, ensuring compatibility and reliable data transmission. o Conducted tests to verify the microcontroller’s ability to process sensor data and execute commands efficiently. o Resolved issues related to communication delays and implemented error- checking protocols.
• Outcome: The microcontroller functioned as intended, processing inputs and outputs accurately. The system demonstrated real-time responsiveness, a critical requirement for PlantPulse's functionality.

e) Phase 5 - Enclosure Development

• Objective: To create a durable and weather-resistant enclosure for housing PlantPulse's components, ensuring long-term reliability in various environments.
• Completed Activities: o Procured weather-resistant materials and tested them for suitability under extreme environmental conditions. o Assembled the enclosure and integrated all components, including sensors, microcontroller, and power supply. o Conducted physical tests to ensure the enclosure could withstand moisture, dust, and temperature variations.
• Outcome: Delivered a fully functional enclosure that protects the system from environmental factors while maintaining a sleek and professional appearance. The enclosure also supports ease of maintenance and component upgrades.

f) Phase 6 - Prototype Testing

• Objective: To evaluate the PlantPulse system comprehensively, ensuring it meets performance, durability, and user-interface requirements.
• Completed Activities: o Conducted extensive functional tests to validate the accuracy of sensor readings and system responses under real-world conditions. o Simulated various environmental scenarios, such as drought and overwatering, to test the system’s adaptability. o Collected user feedback from testing sessions to refine both hardware and software. o Addressed minor issues, including sensor calibration and app display glitches, to improve overall performance.

o Presented the working prototype to stakeholders, demonstrating its features and
capabilities.

• Outcome: The prototype met all performance criteria, showcasing PlantPulse’s potential as a reliable and user-friendly smart gardening system. It was deemed ready for deployment and user adoption, with minor refinements incorporated before the final showcase.

The completion of each phase demonstrated the team’s ability to adapt and overcome challenges while adhering to the overall timeline. By breaking down the project into manageable phases, the team ensured consistent progress and maintained a high standard of quality throughout the development process. The system was delivered on time, within budget, and met all initial objectives, highlighting the effectiveness of the WBS as a project management tool.

3) Team Member Responsabilities

a) Carlos Gutierrez - Software Engineer

• Led the development of PlantPulse’s app.
• Integrated sensor feedback with the machine learning algorithms.
• Ensured that the software functioned seamlessly with the hardware.

b) Pedro Ojeda - Hardware Engineer

• Designed and implemented the system’s circuit diagrams.
• Configured sensors and managed their connections to the microcontroller.
• Performed rigorous hardware testing to ensure reliability.

c) Richard Cui - System Integration Specialist

• Programmed the microcontroller and integrated it with the app.
• Coordinated hardware-software connections.
• Conducted system-wide testing for proper functionality.

d) Jonathan Fleurisma - Enclosure Specialist

• Designed and constructed a weather-resistant enclosure for the system.
• Selected appropriate materials to ensure durability and protection.
• Managed the physical assembly of the PlantPulse system.

e) Abigail Sardine-Laforte - Project Manager

• Managed schedules, deliverables, and team coordination.
• Supervised documentation and ensured milestones were met.
• Oversaw the final presentation and project demonstrations.

C. Project Milestones

In the PlantPulse project, milestones played a crucial role in tracking progress and providing the team with a sense of accomplishment as each key stage was completed. Below is an analysis of the milestones identified during the project planning phase and an assessment of whether they were met.

a) Finalization of the Project Proposal

The project proposal was finalized successfully, detailing the objectives, scope, and timeline of the project. The proposal served as a foundational document, guiding the team and ensuring alignment among all stakeholders.

b) Completion of Circuit Design

The circuit design was completed after extensive iterations. Although some unexpected compatibility issues arose between sensors and the power supply, the team resolved them by refining the design and recalibrating the sensors.

c) Successful Integration of the Software

The software was developed and integrated successfully, meeting the functional requirements. User feedback during the testing phase prompted a few iterations to refine the user interface and improve system performance.

d) Configuration of the Microcontroller

The microcontroller was installed and configured to process sensor data and execute system commands effectively. Early challenges with communication protocols were identified and resolved, ensuring seamless operations.

e) Development of Protective Enclosure

A durable, weather-resistant enclosure was developed using CAD designs and high-quality materials. The enclosure successfully passed tests for environmental stressors, including moisture and dust resistance.

f) Final Assembly and Testing

The final assembly was completed, and the system underwent comprehensive testing. Minor refinements in both hardware and software were made based on testing feedback to enhance functionality and user experience.

Yes, all milestones were met. While some minor delays occurred, such as resolving sensor compatibility issues and incorporating user feedback into software adjustments, these were handled effectively without impacting the overall project timeline. The team’s adaptability ensured that all milestones were achieved, leading to a successful completion of the PlantPulse project.

D. Gantt Charts

Fig. 30 and Fig. 31 showcases the Gantt Chart for our PlantPulse project. This chart is instrumental in clarifying deadlines, showing dependencies between project phases, and mapping out the timeline for tasks. Our PlantPulse project strictly adhered to the GANTT chart established during the planning phase. The GANTT chart was instrumental in clarifying deadlines, showcasing dependencies between project phases, and mapping out the timeline for all tasks. Throughout the project, the team remained on course, ensuring that all tasks were completed within the defined timelines. Each milestone was achieved as scheduled, and no deviations from the proposed timeline occurred. This strict adherence to the GANTT chart underscores the efficiency of our planning and the commitment of the team to the project schedule.

Fig 32. Gantt Chart Part 1

Fig 33. Gantt Chart Part 2

E. PERT Chart

Fig. 32 presents the PERT Chart for our PlantPulse project. This chart plays a crucial role in our PlantPulse project as it clearly displays how each task contributes toward achieving the final goal. It organizes tasks sequentially, highlighting dependencies and allowing us to see the progress path. This visual representation helps the team prioritize tasks, allocate resources efficiently, and identify potential delays or bottlenecks, ensuring the project remains on schedule.

Fig 34. Pert Chart In conclusion, the structured action plan played a pivotal role in the success of our PlantPulse project. It ensured that every team member clearly understood their responsibilities and deadlines, fostering seamless collaboration and accountability. The GANTT chart served as an invaluable tool, providing a visual and actionable roadmap that guided the team through each phase of the project, ensuring timely and efficient completion. By strictly adhering to the planned timeline and leveraging the structured framework, we achieved all our goals and successfully delivered a functional and innovative PlantPulse system.

XX. MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS

The PlantPulse project's success relies heavily on our interdisciplinary team's diverse expertise. Our team members excel in various fields, ensuring this project covers all aspects comprehensively. This diversity is a strategic choice necessary for the project's future. While being able to integrate complexity by integrating technology with gardening and environmental sustainability, the innate value of each team member's skill set is essential. Understanding the value each discipline brings to the table is crucial for creating an innovative and practical product.

A. Team Contract

Our team comprises AI engineers, computer engineers, and computer scientists, each bringing unique skills and perspectives. This diverse expertise allows us to tackle the complex challenges of modern gardening with a comprehensive and integrated approach. Our AI engineers develop sophisticated algorithms that enable our system to learn and adapt, providing precise control over various gardening parameters. Computer engineers ensure our hardware components are robust and reliable, seamlessly integrating sensors and controllers to create a cohesive system. Meanwhile, our computer scientists work tirelessly on the software infrastructure, ensuring a smooth and intuitive user experience. This collaboration not only enhances the functionality and efficiency of our product but also exemplifies the strength of multidisciplinary Teamwork, driving our mission to revolutionize home gardening.

As AI engineers, we are developing the intelligent algorithms that form the heart of PlantPulse. Our work involves designing machine learning models to optimize various gardening parameters such as irrigation, lighting, and climate control. We train these models to make accurate predictions and decisions by analyzing sensor data, ensuring optimal plant health. We also integrate AI capabilities like voice recognition and predictive analytics, enhancing the user experience by enabling seamless interaction with the system. We aim to create an intelligent, adaptive system that learns and evolves with the garden.

Our computer engineers focus on designing and developing the hardware components that support PlantPulse's advanced features. We work on creating and optimizing circuit boards, integrating sensors, and ensuring the overall hardware architecture effectively supports the AI algorithms. We guarantee that components like cameras, humidity sensors, and irrigation controllers function reliably and efficiently. We also address power management issues and work on improving the durability and scalability of our hardware to cater to different gardening environments. Our role is to ensure that the physical components are robust and can handle the demands of modern gardening.

As computer scientists, we develop the software infrastructure that ties everything together. We write the code for the user interface, making it intuitive and easy to use. Our work on the backend involves developing algorithms that enable communication between the hardware components and cloud-based services. We integrate various technologies, such as mobile applications and web platforms, allowing users to monitor and control their gardens remotely. Additionally, we ensure data security and continuously update the system to enhance its capabilities. We focus on providing a seamless and secure user experience that allows users to manage their gardens effortlessly.

Together, we bring advanced analytical and predictive capabilities to the PlantPulse system, ensuring that our gardening control features are intelligent and adaptive. We guarantee these features are supported by robust and reliable hardware, and we integrate the entire system to provide a seamless user experience. This multidisciplinary approach allows us to create a state-of-

the-art solution that meets the diverse needs of modern gardeners, demonstrating the power of Teamwork and diverse expertise.

1) Abigail

• A coding prodigy with exceptional troubleshooting skills, her extensive experience in software development, honed through multiple internships, allows her to navigate and solve complex coding issues efficiently. She brings a wealth of knowledge in project creation, ensuring our software is innovative and reliable. Her meticulous attention to detail and problem-solving abilities makes her an invaluable asset, particularly when facing technical challenges. Abigail's coding expertise perfectly complements our engineers' hardware skills, seamlessly bridging the gap between software and hardware.

2. Pedro

• Go to an expert for anything related to electronics and circuits. His deep understanding of the plant industry gives him a unique edge, enabling him to design electronic systems that cater specifically to the needs of modern gardening. Pedro's ability to blend his knowledge of electronics with his passion for plants allows us to create systems that are not only technologically advanced but also highly relevant to our target market. His insights into plant care and technology ensure that our solutions are practical and user- friendly, enhancing the overall user experience. Pedro is also the group's leader.

3. Richard

• With dual expertise in the plant industry and programming, his comprehensive understanding of plant biology and needs and his programming skills allow him to develop finely tuned algorithms to optimize plant growth. Richard's ability to bridge the gap between technology and horticulture ensures that our AI-driven system is intelligent and botanically accurate. His contributions are vital in ensuring our system delivers real, tangible benefits to gardeners.

4. Carlos

• Specializing in building models from complex data sets, Carlos has deep experience in artificial intelligence, which allows us to leverage machine learning to create an ingenious gardening system. Carlos's ability to analyze and interpret large amounts of data ensures that our AI can make accurate predictions and adjustments, optimizing plant care on a granular level. His work makes our system adaptive and intelligent, capable of learning and improving over time.

5) Jonathan

• We have an embedded systems enthusiast with a certification in machine learning and a passion for building robust systems. His expertise ensures that our hardware is reliable and performs consistently under various conditions. Jonathan's skills in embedded systems are complemented by his knowledge of machine learning, allowing us to integrate advanced AI capabilities directly into our hardware. His contributions ensure that our system is robust and durable, capable of handling the demands of modern gardening.
• At the beginning of this semester, we elected Pedro to take a leadership role. Not only is he qualified, but he also has previous similar experience. However, Pedro's projects balance his schedule and manage as a team. As a team, we complete each assignment at

least two weeks before the due date, speak with our mentor at least once a week, and
have weekly meetings. This has allowed us to stay on top of each activity and protocol
as a team and account for delays that might come, such as family emergencies. We will
continue to communicate highly over the break, whether to expand on the project or
improve the measures initially provided.

XXI. PERSONNEL

The team’s multidisciplinary characteristics, experience in other projects, and work experience are presented in this chapter as a concise and visual resume.

A. Abigail Sardine-Laforte

ABIGAIL SARDINE-LAFORTE

Miami, FL | 347- 869 - 4265 | abigailsardine@gmail.com
EDUCATION
Florida International University, Miami, FL

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, Expected Fall 2024

• Dean’s List: 2021 & 2023 | GPA: 3.2/4.0 TECHNICAL SKILLS
• Hardware: Oscilloscope, Raspberry Pi Arduino Nano r3, SPICE, Multisim, PCIe, PCB design (OrCAD)
• Software: MongoDB, Big Data, Hadoop, Microsoft Office, Anaconda, Spark, Jupyter Notebook, PowerShell, TensorFlow, AWS, Python, HTML, CSS, AngularJS, code blocks, Power BI, Agility WORK EXPERIENCE Front-end & Back-end Developer Intern, FedEx | Remote | June 2024 – Aug 2024
• Integrated RESTful APIs, leveraged Visual Studio, and managed SQL databases. Cloud Security Engineer Intern, Centene | Remote | May 2023 – Aug 2023
• Applied security policies, performed IT system analysis, and designed ServiceNow dashboards. Cloud Support Engineer Intern, Amazon Web Services | Remote | May 2022 – Aug 2022
• Created EC2 instances, troubleshooted network issues, and customized IAM roles. RESEARCH & PROJECTS
• Inductive Power Transfer Intern, EPSI Research Lab | May 2023 – May 2023 Designed 3D electromagnetic battery model for EVs using Ansys software.
• Temperature & Humidity Sensor Project, Arduino, C programming, Losant IoT | Nov 2023 Developed MQTT system, achieved 97% reading accuracy. CERTIFICATIONS
• Excel: Advanced Formulas and Functions (Centene Uni)
• Agile Project Management (Centene Uni)
• IBM Accelerate - Hardware Engineering 2023 (IBM)
• Azure Data Fundamentals (Microsoft)

B. Richard Cui

RICHARD CUI
Miami, FL | (305) 469-5545 | rcui305@gmail.com
EDUCATION

Florida International University, Miami, FL
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, Expected Fall 2024

• Cumulative GPA: 3.32 Miami Dade College, Miami, FL Associate of Arts in Computer Engineering, Winter 2022
• Cumulative GPA: 3.44 SKILLS
• Languages: English (Native), Chinese (Basic), Spanish (Basic)
• Technical: MATLAB, AutoCAD, Wolfram Mathematica, Losant IoT, Microsoft Office
• Programming: C, C++, Java, Python PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Vintage Windows Corporation, Miami, FL

Administrative Assistant | Aug 2022 - Present

• Produced shop drawings, maintained digitized records, and executed data entry. The Home Depot, Inc., Miami, FL

Merchandising Execution Associate | Sep 2019 - Mar 2021

• Organized SKUs, enforced visual standards, and provided customer service. ACADEMIC PROJECTS
• Circuit Analysis Lab: Automatic Arduino-Based Watering System
• C++ Programming for Embedded Systems: Custom Notebook Application CERTIFICATIONS
• Microsoft Azure AI Fundamentals

C. Carlos Alberto Gutierrez

CARLOS ALBERTO GUTIERREZ
Doral, FL | (786) 843-0854 | carlosgutierrez141201@gmail.com

EDUCATION
Florida International University, Miami, FL
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, Dec 2024

• Cum Laude, GPA: 3.55 | 6-time Dean's List

EXPERIENCE
Chestnut Land Auntie Anne's, Doral, FL
Shift Leader | May 2023 - Present

• Supervised operations, managed inventory, and handled the POS system. PROJECTS
• Netflix Big Data Analysis: Used Hadoop and PySpark for data analysis and recommendation system.
• Concrete Compressive Strength Analysis: Developed regression models using Python.

SKILLS

• Programming: Python, Java, SQL, C, C++, VHDL
• Tools: Microsoft Excel, Power BI, Pandas, Hadoop

CERTIFICATIONS

• DP-900: Microsoft Azure Data Fundamentals
• AI-900: Microsoft Azure AI Fundamentals

LANGUAGES

• English: Full Professional Proficiency
• Spanish: Native Proficiency

D. Pedro Ojeda

PEDRO OJEDA
Miami, FL | 786- 438 - 9811 | PedroLOjeda12@gmail.com
EDUCATION

Florida International University, Miami, FL
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, 2022- 2024

• GPA: 3.5

Miami Dade College, Miami, FL
Associate of Science in Computer Engineering, 2020- 2022

• GPA: 3.7 EXPERIENCE

BestBuy
Advisor and Warehouse Associate | Sep 2021 - Present

• Generated sales and managed online orders.

Publix
Stocker | May 2021 – Aug 2021

• Unloaded trucks and advised customers. The Home Depot

Associate | Feb 2021 – May 2021

• Advised customers on flooring and organized department. PROJECTS
• Raspberry PI Interactive Game: Developed game with Sense-Hat integration. SKILLS
• Management, Problem-Solving, Leadership, Customer Service
• Microsoft Office, Fluent in Spanish
• Programming: Java, C, C++, Python

E. Jonathan Fleurisma

JONATHAN FLEURISMA
(954) 305-1013 | JonathanFleurisma@gmail.com

EDUCATION
Florida International University, Miami, FL
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering | Math Minor

Projected Graduation: May 2024
WORK EXPERIENCE
Technician/ Help Desk IT, AKG UHS Hardware | Oct 2023 - Present

• Provided technical support, installation, and maintenance of key-cutting machines.

Technician, Dave & Buster's | May 2023 - Oct 2023

• Troubleshooted issues with machines, games, servers, and internet systems. Lead Technician, Yonutz | Jul 2021 - May 2023
• Managed POS upgrades, resolved connectivity issues, and handled opening/closing procedures. CERTIFICATIONS
• Microsoft Office 365
• AI 900 Fundamentals Microsoft

XXII. BUDGET

PlantPulse is revolutionizing the way we approach gardening with its advanced AI-assisted enclosure designed to increase the lifespan of plants while being nearly autonomous. As we aim to enhance the functionality and efficiency of PlantPulse, we have carefully selected a range of essential components to integrate into our system. Below, we provide a detailed breakdown of the budget allocation for these components, which are crucial for optimizing the performance of PlantPulse.

To achieve the seamless operation of PlantPulse, we have selected a variety of components that are both cost-effective and highly functional. Each item was chosen for its specific role in enhancing our system's capabilities, ensuring we stay within budget while maximizing efficiency.

TABLE XXXI. PARTS LIST COST FOR PLANTPULSE

The ELEGOO Nano Board, priced at $19.99, is a fundamental component of the Plant Pulse system. Serving as the brain of the system, this microcontroller enables precise control and automation of various tasks. Its cost-effectiveness and reliability make it an ideal choice for managing Plant Pulse's operations.

To ensure reliable data transmission, the MAX485 Transceiver Chip Module is included for $8.99. This module facilitates communication between the ELEGOO Nano board and the RS485 Soil Sensor, which is critical for accurate data collection and operation within Plant Pulse.

Lighting is vital for plant growth, particularly in low-light conditions. The LBW Full Spectrum Grow Light Strip, priced at $23.19, ensures the proper light spectrum for healthy plant development.

The KeyStudio 5v DC4A 4 Channel Relay Module, costing $8.99, controls multiple high- power devices such as pumps, fans, and lights. This relay module ensures smooth operation and efficient management of Plant Pulse's interconnected components.

Long-range communication and location tracking are achieved with the SX1262 LoRaWAN/GNSS HAT RF CHIP, priced at $32.63. This component is vital for outdoor deployments, enabling Plant Pulse to operate effectively across various environments.

Central to the system's data processing and AI capabilities is the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B Quad- core Cortex, priced at $61.75. This powerful processor handles all computations and system operations, making it a cornerstone of the Plant Pulse system's intelligence.

The HiLetgo 3pcs ESP8266 NodeMCU CP2102, costing $16.39, facilitates wireless data transmission of temperature and humidity readings from the tent enclosure. This ensures seamless integration of environmental data into the system for real-time monitoring and adjustments.

The Breadboard Kit with Power Supply Module, priced at $8.99, is an essential platform for prototyping and testing circuit designs. It ensures that electrical connections are correctly established and functional during system development.

For precise environmental monitoring, the Comwintop RS485 Modbus 6-in-1 Soil Sensor, priced at $49.37, provides critical measurements of soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels. This sensor is indispensable for maintaining optimal growing conditions.

Supplementing soil monitoring is the HiLetgo LM393 Correlation Photoelectric Sensor, priced at $14.99. Its additional soil moisture detection capabilities enhance system accuracy, ensuring plants receive the proper hydration levels.

Humidity and temperature within the enclosure are monitored using the DHT22/AM2302 Temperature & Humidity Sensor, priced at $13.99. Maintaining a stable environment is crucial for plant health, and this sensor ensures optimal conditions.

The WayinTop Automatic Irrigation Kit, priced at $13.99, automates the watering process, delivering consistent hydration without manual intervention. This is key to the autonomous nature of Plant Pulse, making gardening easier and more accessible for users.

The Mylar Hydroponic Grow Tent with Observation Window, priced at $59.99, provides a controlled indoor environment for plants. This enclosure supports temperature regulation and shields plants from external conditions, ensuring a stable and optimized growth environment.

For water storage, the PKS-150 BPA-Free Plastic 3-Quart Cereal Keeper, priced at $18.99, acts as a reservoir within the irrigation system. Its durability and compatibility ensure consistent water availability.

Lastly, the Zigbee Water Leak Detector, priced at $13.58, monitors water levels within the irrigation system, alerting the system if the container needs refilling. This critical component prevents interruptions in the automated watering process, ensuring uninterrupted plant care.

By integrating these carefully selected components, Plant Pulse combines advanced technology with user-friendly features. Each item contributes to the overall functionality, creating an intelligent gardening system capable of delivering healthy, thriving plants with minimal user intervention. With this comprehensive and thoughtfully curated setup, Plant Pulse sets a new benchmark in AI-assisted gardening innovation.

XXIII. RESULTS EVALUATION

This section will discuss how we should evaluate our products before Senior Design II. The evaluation process is critical since it provides feedback for our team to improve and keep working on making our project possible. Our project will be evaluated in the following aspects:

1) Objectives
2) Constraints
3) Standard to comply
4) Patents not to infringe
5) Specifications
6) Deliverables

A. Technical Results

1) Objectives

The objectives set at the beginning of the project were focused on safety, ease of use, modularity, scalability, and marketability. These objectives were meant to ensure that the PlantPulse system would be secure, user-friendly, adaptable, and able to scale for a larger user base, while also being viable for the market. The specifics of each objective included ensuring the system was secure against cyber threats, reliable and easy to handle, simple to construct and maintain, capable of supporting future hardware expansions, scalable for more sensors, and able to provide real-time data with a companion application.

What was accomplished:

• Safety: The system was designed with security in mind, implementing basic cybersecurity measures to protect the user data. The physical components were chosen for their reliability and safety.
• Ease of Use: The system’s design emphasized simplicity in both construction and deconstruction.
• Modularity: The system was developed with the option for future hardware expansions, and wireless communication was integrated using LoRaWAN technology, making the system adaptable for various connection types.
• Scalability: The system’s range was enhanced through LoRaWAN, and provisions were made to allow the addition of more sensors in the future.
• Marketability: Real-time data tracking was implemented, along with notifications for optimal soil conditions. A companion application was partially developed to facilitate user interaction.

What was not accomplished and why:

• Safety (Cybersecurity): While basic security measures were implemented, further refinement in cybersecurity was limited by time and resource constraints.
• Ease of Use (Minimal Maintenance): The system's maintenance could still be improved, especially in terms of reducing complexity for troubleshooting or replacement of components.
• Modularity (Future Hardware Expansions): While we designed the system with expansion in mind, the actual physical hardware expansions were not fully implemented due to resource limitations.
• Marketability (Companion Application): The development of a fully functional companion app was postponed due to time constraints, and thus only a basic prototype was made available.

2) Constraints

The system needed to be competitive in price, measure values accurately, and be easy to implement. The goal was to keep the cost lower than comparable products while ensuring the system was affordable and accessible for users. Accuracy in measurement was prioritized, along with ease of installation and use.

What was accomplished:

• Competitive Pricing: We ensured that the components selected were cost-effective, aiming to deliver a product at a competitive price point compared to similar products.
• Accurate Measurements: Sensors were selected for their reliability, and calibration was performed to ensure the data accuracy.
• Ease of Implementation: The system was designed to be easily deployed, with clear documentation provided for users and a straightforward setup process.

What was not accomplished and why:

• Pricing Competitiveness: Although the system was designed to be cost-effective, some components exceeded initial budget expectations, which might make the product less competitive compared to some low-cost solutions.
• Ease of Implementation (Advanced Features): Some advanced features, like full automation and seamless integration with other IoT devices, were not fully realized due to time and technical challenges in integrating third-party platforms.

3) Standard to comply

The system had to comply with various standards including health and safety regulations, data security protocols, and manufacturer standards. The goal was to ensure a high-quality product while maintaining transparency and effective communication with users.

What was accomplished:

• Health and Safety: The components selected complied with general safety standards, and the system was designed with the user’s safety in mind, especially in terms of electrical components.
• Data Security: Basic data security measures were put in place, including encryption for user data. However, further improvements could be made in this area.
• Manufacturer Standards: Components were sourced from reputable manufacturers to ensure quality, and assembly adhered to standard practices.

What was not accomplished and why:

• Advanced Data Security: While basic encryption was implemented, a more robust security framework (e.g., multi-factor authentication, secure cloud storage) was not fully developed due to time constraints.
• Manufacturing Compliance: Full compliance with international manufacturing standards (such as ISO certifications) was not fully achieved, as the project was still in the prototype stage and not yet ready for mass production.

4) Patents not to infringe

The team acknowledged the importance of avoiding patent infringement in both the hardware and software components of PlantPulse, ensuring transparency and legal compliance throughout the development process.

What was accomplished:

• Patent Research: The team conducted research to ensure that no patents were violated by the design or use of any component in the system, focusing on original software development and using publicly available hardware.

What was not accomplished and why:

• Patent Clearance for All Components: While care was taken to avoid patent infringement, there were some areas (e.g., LoRaWAN integration) where further legal review could have been beneficial, particularly as the project moves toward commercialization.

5) Specifications

The project was required to meet specific design specifications, including feasibility analysis and a transparent evaluation process, ensuring the system’s viability and alignment with the proposed objectives.

What was accomplished:

• Feasibility and Evaluation: Regular feasibility analysis and testing were conducted, ensuring that the system met the key specifications outlined in the proposal.
• Specifications Adherence: The project adhered to the overall specifications regarding ease of use, scalability, and modularity, meeting most of the technical and functional requirements.

What was not accomplished and why:

• Full Compliance with All Specifications: Some of the advanced features outlined in the specifications, such as full automation and third-party integrations, were not fully implemented due to time and technical challenges.

6) Deliverables

The deliverables included the complete development of the PlantPulse system, including hardware, software, documentation, and testing reports.

What was accomplished:

• Working Prototype: A working prototype of the system was developed, incorporating key features like sensor integration, real-time data monitoring, and remote control via a web interface.
• Documentation: Detailed user manuals and technical documentation were created to assist with system setup and maintenance.

What was not accomplished and why:

• Full Market-Ready Product: Due to time constraints, the product was not ready for mass production or full market deployment. The system was still in the prototype phase, and additional refinements were needed before release.

XXIV. LIFE-LONG LEARNING B. Globalization Retrospective

Upon completing the PlantPulse project, our vision of its potential as a global success has evolved significantly. Initially, we approached the project with the mindset of creating a highly localized solution tailored to specific environmental needs. However, as we progressed and evaluated the scalability and versatility of the system, we began to realize its broader potential for a global market. The features of PlantPulse, such as remote monitoring, real-time data analytics, and automated garden management, resonate with a wide range of users, from small-scale home gardeners to commercial agricultural enterprises. This realization shifted our focus towards refining the system for global deployment, ensuring that the product could cater to different environmental conditions, soil types, and cultural preferences across the globe.

In terms of minimizing barriers to trade, several changes made during the project have enhanced our ability to scale the solution for a global market. Initially, we focused on integrating specific sensors and components that were easily accessible in our local market. However, as we explored

international markets, we realized the importance of sourcing universally available components to avoid supply chain disruptions. By transitioning to more globally standardized parts and ensuring that the system could be easily adapted to various power supply standards (e.g., 120V, 220V), we significantly reduced potential trade barriers.

Furthermore, the communication protocol we implemented, LoRaWAN, is widely used in IoT solutions worldwide, which further aids in the system’s global scalability. We also focused on making the system adaptable to different languages and currencies, recognizing the importance of localization for user adoption in diverse regions. These adjustments reflect our commitment to ensuring that PlantPulse could seamlessly integrate into various international markets and meet the needs of users across different cultural contexts.

As part of the process of validating the global potential of the project, we reached out to our international contacts for their perspectives on the project’s success and its potential for worldwide adoption. One key contact, an agricultural technology specialist based in Europe, expressed that the automated and data-driven nature of PlantPulse aligns well with current trends in precision agriculture, which is gaining significant traction in Europe. However, they emphasized the importance of ensuring that the system is adaptable to the varying climates and agricultural practices in different regions. They also highlighted that, in certain areas, access to high-speed internet or LoRaWAN networks might be a limitation, suggesting that we explore alternative communication methods for rural or remote regions. Another contact, an environmental sustainability advocate from Asia, noted that the real-time monitoring capabilities of the system would be particularly valuable for urban farming initiatives, which are growing rapidly in many Asian cities. They also suggested that we consider integrating additional environmental sensors to monitor air quality and pollution levels, which could further enhance the system’s appeal in regions focused on sustainable agriculture.

These conversations were invaluable in reshaping our approach to global success. They underscored the importance of flexibility and adaptability in scaling a product for international markets. Their feedback has reinforced our commitment to refining PlantPulse to better meet the diverse needs of users worldwide, from integrating additional sensors to considering regional infrastructure limitations.

In conclusion, the changes made to the PlantPulse system throughout the project have enhanced its potential as a globally successful product. By addressing supply chain, communication, and localization challenges, we are better equipped to navigate the barriers to trade. Our international contacts have provided valuable insights that have helped refine the product to ensure its global applicability, further motivating us to continue developing and scaling the solution for a wider market. As we move forward, we remain committed to optimizing PlantPulse for diverse global contexts, taking into account the needs of users across different regions and industries.

XXV. LIFELONG LEARNING

The development of the PlantPulse system has been a powerful motivator for our commitment to lifelong learning, expanding our understanding of cutting-edge technologies and their practical applications. Through this project, we have gained firsthand experience in areas such as IoT, machine learning, and embedded systems, which has fueled our curiosity to continuously explore new techniques and technologies. Lifelong learning is essential for remaining competitive and employable in the rapidly evolving tech industry, and this project has reinforced the importance of proactively acquiring new knowledge.

To support our personal and professional growth, we actively participate in activities like online courses, webinars, and workshops that focus on emerging technologies and industry trends. Platforms like Coursera, edX, and Udemy provide access to high-quality courses, while industry conferences and hackathons allow us to engage with experts and fellow professionals. Additionally, we contribute to open-source projects, which not only sharpens our skills but also connects us with a global network of developers and innovators.

Moreover, we are committed to pursuing our Professional Engineer License, which will further enhance our skills and credentials. This project has reinforced our belief in the importance of continuous learning, and we are eager to build on this foundation throughout our careers.

In summary, the PlantPulse project has significantly shaped our approach to lifelong learning by highlighting the importance of continuous personal and professional development. The skills and knowledge we’ve gained from designing and implementing this system have not only deepened our technical expertise but also motivated us to pursue further education and hands-on experiences in emerging fields. By engaging in online courses, attending webinars, participating in workshops, and contributing to open-source projects, we are taking proactive steps to stay current and competitive in our field. Our commitment to obtaining a Professional Engineer License further demonstrates our dedication to long-term career growth. This project has solidified our understanding that ongoing learning is key to both personal growth and professional success, and we are excited to continue building on this foundation throughout our careers.

XXV. CONCLUSION

The PlantPulse project began with the idea of creating a comprehensive and automated gardening system to assist both amateur gardeners and commercial growers in maintaining optimal plant health. The vision emerged from a desire to integrate technology into sustainable agriculture and simplify the management of plant environments. The initial objective was to build a system that would monitor soil parameters, control environmental factors, and provide users with real- time data on plant health. This vision evolved through several stages, including interviews with potential users, surveys, and brainstorming sessions, which helped refine the project scope and prioritize key features like scalability, ease of use, and marketability.

The main activities involved in completing this project included research into IoT technologies, designing the system architecture, selecting components, and integrating hardware with software for seamless operation. Prototyping, testing, and iterative design were critical activities, ensuring that we addressed user needs and technical challenges. As we progressed, we evaluated results against the objectives set at the beginning, refining features like modularity, cybersecurity, and the development of a companion app.

Despite facing numerous challenges such as limited time, resource constraints, and technical obstacles, we can still consider this project a success. We successfully developed a functional prototype that demonstrated the core features, such as real-time monitoring and remote control, even if not all initial goals were fully realized. These hurdles provided valuable lessons in problem- solving and perseverance, and ultimately strengthened our ability to tackle complex challenges.

The PlantPulse system is a meaningful contribution to society, promoting sustainability by helping individuals and businesses optimize resource usage in agriculture. Its potential to reduce water and fertilizer waste, while improving plant health, aligns with global efforts toward more efficient and eco-friendly farming practices.

On a personal level, this project has significantly contributed to our formation as engineers, enhancing our technical skills, project management abilities, and teamwork. It also reinforced the importance of lifelong learning, as we had to continuously acquire new knowledge and adapt to evolving technologies throughout the project. The experience has not only expanded our engineering capabilities but also inspired us to continue learning and innovating, ensuring that we remain adaptable and competitive in our future careers.

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[ 18 ] ISO, “ISO 14001:2015 standard – Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use,” ISO, Sep. 2015. ISO 14001:2015

[ 19 ] NIST, “Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations,” csrc.nist.gov, Dec. 10, 2020. SP 800-53 Rev. 5

[ 20 ] ISO, “ISO/IEC 27001 standard – information security management systems - Requirements,” ISO, Oct. 2022. ISO/IEC 27001:2022

[ 21 ] ISO, “ISO/IEC 27400:2022 standard – IoT security and privacy - Guidelines,” ISO, June 2022. ISO/IEC 27400:2022

[ 22 ] ISO, “ISO/IEC 30179:2023 standard - Internet of Things (IoT) — Overview and general requirements of IoT system for ecological environment monitoring,” ISO, January 2023. ISO/IEC 30179:2023

XXVII. APPENDICES

A. Team Contract

As a member of the PlantPulse team, I hereby agree to the following conditions:

1. Active Participation: I will actively contribute to team discussions, share my ideas openly, and engage constructively with team members during meetings and projects.
2. Adherence to Guidelines: I commit to following the guidelines and rules established by the team through consensus. Any proposed changes must be agreed upon by a majority vote.
3. Timely Completion of Responsibilities: I am responsible for completing assigned tasks promptly and to the best of my ability. I will meet all deadlines and ensure the quality of my work meets team expectations.
4. Communication and Attendance: If I am unable to attend a scheduled meeting, I will notify the team in advance and catch up on any missed material promptly. Regular communication with team members is essential for effective collaboration.
5. Professional Conduct: I will conduct myself professionally at all times, respecting team members and their ideas. Any conflicts will be addressed respectfully and resolved through open communication or mediation if necessary. The team reserves the authority to dismiss me after receiving three warnings (determined by a majority vote). In such a case, I have the right to appeal to the class professor and request mediation. By agreeing to these conditions, I understand the importance of teamwork, communication, and accountability within our team.

Team Member Name Date Signature

Pedro Ojeda - Leader 06/17/2024

Jonathan Fleurisma 6/17/2024

Abigail Sardine-Laforte 6/17/2024 Abigail S. Laforte

Carlos Gutierrez 6/17/2024

Richard Cui 6/17/2024

B. Intellectual Property Contract

As a member of the PlantPulse team, we agree to the following terms:

1. This contract has been acknowledged and approved by all team members: Pedro Ojeda, Abigail Sardine-Laforte, Jonathan Fleurisma, Carlos Gutierrez, Richard Cui
2. Pedro Ojeda serves as the designated spokesperson for PlantPulse.
3. In the event that an invention is brought to market, profits will be distributed equally among all members of PlantPulse.
4. Decisions concerning PlantPulse’s intellectual property will be made by a majority vote of all team members present. If consensus cannot be reached, consultation with the mentor will be sought to facilitate a decision.

Team Member Name Date Signature

Pedro Ojeda - Leader 06/17/2024

Jonathan Fleurisma 6/17/2024

Abigail Sardine-Laforte 6/17/2024 (^) Abigail S. Laforte Carlos Gutierrez 6/17/2024 Richard Cui 6/17/2024

XXVIII. SIGNATURES PAGE

Course Number: EEL 4920 Semester: Summer Year: 2024

Mentor Name: Yu Du
Senior Design I Instructor’s Name: Wilmer Arellano

Name PID E-mail Address Phone Number

Pedro Ojeda 6398119 Pojed008@fiu.edu 786 - 438 - 9811

Carlos Gutierrez 6248381 Cguti159@fiu.edu 786 - 843 - 0854

Richard Cui 5862107 Rcui002@fiu.edu 305 - 469 - 5545

Jonathan Fleurisma

6331408 Jfleu037@fiu.edu 954 - 305 - 1013

Abigail Sardine- Laforte

6263697 Asard051@fiu.edu 347 - 869 - 4265

PRINT SIGNATURE DATE

Team Leader

Pedro Ojeda
07/25/2024

Team Member

Carlos Gutierrez
07/25/2024

Team Member

Richard Cui
07/25/2024

Team Member

Jonathan
Fleurisma

(^)

07/25/2024

Team Member

Abigail Sardine-
Laforte

Abigail S. Laforte
07/25/2024

Mentor

Yu Du
07/25/2024