A 4-bit R-2R Ladder Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) is a simple yet efficient way to convert digital signals into analog voltages using only two resistor values: R and 2R, and optionally an op-amp for buffering and summing.
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The 4-bit DAC takes 4 digital inputs: 𝐷3 , 𝐷2 , 𝐷1 , 𝐷0 (MSB to LSB).
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These inputs are binary (either 0 or 1).
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The R-2R resistor ladder converts this binary code into a corresponding analog voltage.
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An op-amp is used as a summing amplifier to produce a stable output and isolate the ladder from the load.
