ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)

The ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) in the ATMEGA328 is used to convert analog signals (voltages) into digital data that can be processed by the microcontroller. The ADC is typically used in applications where the input signal is an analog value, such as reading sensors, measuring voltages, etc. The ATMEGA328 features a 10-bit ADC, which provides a resolution of 1024 distinct values for any input voltage between 0 and the reference voltage.

The ADC on the ATMEGA328 is capable of reading multiple channels (pins) and can be configured for various reference voltages. It is essential to understand the registers controlling the ADC and how to utilize them to get accurate readings.

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Registers

The ADC module in the ATMEGA328 microcontroller is controlled by several registers. Below is a breakdown of the important registers associated with the ADC functionality, along with a detailed explanation of each bit in the register. The following table summarizes the bit structure of each register, followed by a detailed description of each bit.

1. ADC Control and Status Register A (ADCSRA)

The ADCSRA register manages the overall operation of the ADC, including enabling the ADC, starting conversions, controlling the ADC clock, and enabling interrupts.

Bit	Name	Description
7	ADEN	ADC Enable (Enables the ADC)
6	ADSC	ADC Start Conversion (Starts a conversion)
5	ADATE	ADC Auto Trigger Enable (Enable automatic trigger)
4	ADIF	ADC Interrupt Flag (Set when conversion is complete)
3	ADIE	ADC Interrupt Enable (Enable conversion interrupt)
2-0	ADPS2..0	ADC Prescaler Select Bits (Select ADC clock prescaler)

• ADEN (ADC Enable):
  This bit enables the ADC module. When set to 1, the ADC is powered on and ready for conversions. Setting it to 0 disables the ADC.

• ADSC (ADC Start Conversion):
  When set to 1, this bit starts the ADC conversion on the selected channel. The conversion process will begin, and the bit will automatically be cleared once the conversion is completed.

• ADATE (ADC Auto Trigger Enable):
  Setting this bit to 1 enables automatic triggering of ADC conversions based on specific events, such as timer overflows, external interrupts, etc. If this bit is cleared to 0, conversions must be started manually by setting the ADSC bit.

• ADIF (ADC Interrupt Flag):
  This bit is set to 1 when the ADC conversion is complete. If interrupts are enabled (by setting ADIE), this flag triggers an interrupt. It is cleared by reading the ADC Data Register or by setting it manually.

• ADIE (ADC Interrupt Enable):
  This bit enables the interrupt for ADC conversion completion. If ADIE is set to 1, the interrupt will trigger when ADIF is set. If ADIE is cleared, no interrupt will occur.

• ADPS2..0 (ADC Prescaler Select Bits):
  These three bits control the prescaler for the ADC clock. The ADC requires a clock frequency between 50 kHz and 200 kHz for optimal performance. These bits determine the division factor applied to the system clock to generate the ADC clock. Example settings:

  • 000: Divide by 2
  • 001: Divide by 2
  • 010: Divide by 4
  • 011: Divide by 8
  • 100: Divide by 16
  • 101: Divide by 32
  • 110: Divide by 64
  • 111: Divide by 128

2. ADC Multiplexer Selection Register (ADMUX)

The ADMUX register selects the input channel for the ADC and the reference voltage for the conversion.

Bit	Name	Description
7	REFS1	Reference Voltage Selection Bit 1
6	REFS0	Reference Voltage Selection Bit 0
5	ADLAR	ADC Left Adjust Result (Adjusts result alignment)
4	-	Reserved (Not used)
3	MUX3	ADC Channel Select Bit 3
2	MUX2	ADC Channel Select Bit 2
1	MUX1	ADC Channel Select Bit 1
0	MUX0	ADC Channel Select Bit 0

• REFS1..0 (Reference Voltage Selection Bits):
  These bits determine the reference voltage used for ADC conversion. The available settings are:

  • 00: AREF, with the internal reference voltage turned off.
  • 01: AVCC with an external capacitor at the AREF pin.
  • 10: Internal 1.1V reference voltage with an external capacitor at the AREF pin.
  • 11: Reserved (not commonly used).

• MUX3..0 (ADC Channel Select Bits):
  These bits select the input channel for the ADC. The ATMEGA328 provides up to 8 channels (0–7), which are used for reading analog signals. Example:

MUX3	MUX2	MUX1	MUX0	Channel Description
0	0	0	0	ADC Channel 0 (Analog input pin 0)
0	0	0	1	ADC Channel 1 (Analog input pin 1)
0	0	1	0	ADC Channel 2 (Analog input pin 2)
0	0	1	1	ADC Channel 3 (Analog input pin 3)
0	1	0	0	ADC Channel 4 (Analog input pin 4)
0	1	0	1	ADC Channel 5 (Analog input pin 5)
0	1	1	0	ADC Channel 6 (Analog input pin 6)
0	1	1	1	ADC Channel 7 (Analog input pin 7)
1	0	0	0	Internal 1.1V reference (used for measuring internal 1.1V reference against the selected channel)
1	0	0	1	Reserved (Not typically used)
1	0	1	0	Reserved (Not typically used)
1	0	1	1	Reserved (Not typically used)
1	1	0	0	Internal temperature sensor (used for measuring the internal temperature of the microcontroller)
1	1	0	1	Reserved (Not typically used)
1	1	1	0	Reserved (Not typically used)
1	1	1	1	Reserved (Not typically used)

• ADLAR (ADC Left Adjust Result):
  This bit controls the alignment of the ADC result. When set to 1, the result is left-aligned in the ADC Data Registers (i.e., the 10-bit result is placed in the high byte ADCH). If cleared to 0, the result is right-aligned (i.e., the 10-bit result is placed in the low byte ADCL).

To provide a clearer visualization of how the 10-bit ADC result is stored in the ADCL and ADCH registers based on the ADLAR setting, here's a table showing both left-alignment and right-alignment for the example ADC result of 963.

• ADC Result (963 Decimal) = 0x03C3 (Hexadecimal)
• Binary Representation: 0000001111000011 (10 bits)

Left Alignment (ADLAR = 1)

When ADLAR is set to 1, the 10-bit result is left-aligned, so the most significant bits (MSBs) are placed in ADCH (high byte) and the least significant bits (LSBs) in ADCL (low byte).

Register	Bit Position	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
ADCH	High Byte	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0
ADCL	Low Byte	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1

Explanation:

• ADCH: Contains the 2 most significant bits (00 from the higher part of the result 0x03C3 → 0x03).
• ADCL: Contains the 8 least significant bits (11110001 from the lower part of the result 0x03C3 → 0xF1).

Right Alignment (ADLAR = 0)

When ADLAR is cleared to 0, the 10-bit result is right-aligned, meaning the least significant bits (LSBs) are placed in ADCL and the most significant bits (MSBs) in ADCH.

Register	Bit Position	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
ADCH	High Byte	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
ADCL	Low Byte	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1

Explanation:

• ADCH: Contains the 2 most significant bits (11110000 from the higher part of the result 0x03C3 → 0xF0).
• ADCL: Contains the 8 least significant bits (00000011 from the lower part of the result 0x03C3 → 0x03).

3. ADC Data Registers (ADCL, ADCH)

These registers hold the result of the ADC conversion. The result is stored as a 10-bit value, with the lower 8 bits stored in ADCL and the upper 2 bits stored in ADCH.

Bit	Name	Description
7-0	ADCL	Lower 8 bits of the ADC result (10-bit result)
9-8	ADCH	Upper 2 bits of the ADC result (10-bit result)

• ADCL (ADC Data Register Low Byte):
  This register contains the lower 8 bits of the 10-bit ADC result. It stores the least significant bits, which are read first after the conversion is complete.

• ADCH (ADC Data Register High Byte):
  This register holds the upper 2 bits of the 10-bit ADC result. These bits are read after the lower 8 bits have been read from ADCL. The ADC result is a combination of these two registers to form the complete 10-bit value.

4. ADC Control and Status Register B (ADCSRB)

The ADCSRB register controls additional features for the ADC, such as auto-triggering, free-running mode, and other specific features that allow for greater flexibility in ADC operations.

Bit	Name	Description
7-3	Reserved	Reserved bits (not used)
2	ADTS2	ADC Trigger Source Select Bit 2 (Part of Auto-Trigger Source)
1	ADTS1	ADC Trigger Source Select Bit 1 (Part of Auto-Trigger Source)
0	ADTS0	ADC Trigger Source Select Bit 0 (Part of Auto-Trigger Source)

• ADTS2..0 (ADC Trigger Source Select Bits):
  These three bits select the source of the auto-trigger for the ADC conversion. When enabled, ADC conversions can be triggered automatically by various events like a timer overflow or an external interrupt. The possible settings for these bits are:

ADTS2	ADTS1	ADTS0	Trigger Source
0	0	0	Free Running Mode (The ADC starts converting continuously without an external trigger)
0	0	1	Analog Comparator (The ADC starts conversion when the analog comparator triggers)
0	1	0	External Interrupt Request 0 (Triggered by external interrupt on pin 0)
0	1	1	Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A (Triggered by the compare match event of Timer/Counter0)
1	0	0	Timer/Counter0 Overflow (Triggered by Timer/Counter0 overflow)
1	0	1	Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B (Triggered by the compare match event of Timer/Counter1)
1	1	0	Timer/Counter1 Overflow (Triggered by Timer/Counter1 overflow)
1	1	1	Timer/Counter1 Capture Event (Triggered by a capture event on Timer/Counter1)

5. Digital Input Disable Register 0 (DIDR0)

The DIDR0 register disables the digital input buffers on certain pins, making the analog input pins fully isolated from digital circuitry. This is useful for minimizing power consumption and preventing digital signals from interfering with analog measurements.

Bit	Name	Description
7-6	Reserved	Reserved bits (not used)
5	ADC5D	Digital Input Disable for ADC Channel 5
4	ADC4D	Digital Input Disable for ADC Channel 4
3	ADC3D	Digital Input Disable for ADC Channel 3
2	ADC2D	Digital Input Disable for ADC Channel 2
1	ADC1D	Digital Input Disable for ADC Channel 1
0	ADC0D	Digital Input Disable for ADC Channel 0

• ADCxD (Digital Input Disable for ADC Channel x):
  Each bit in the DIDR0 register corresponds to a specific ADC channel (from ADC0 to ADC5). Setting a bit to 1 disables the digital input buffer for the corresponding channel, ensuring that the pin functions purely as an analog input. This reduces power consumption and minimizes potential interference from the digital side of the microcontroller.

For example:

• Setting ADC0D to 1 disables the digital input buffer for ADC channel 0.
• Setting ADC5D to 1 disables the digital input buffer for ADC channel 5.

By disabling the digital input buffers, the ADC channels are dedicated solely to analog readings, which can improve the quality and accuracy of your measurements, especially in low-power applications.

API Reference

This section provides detailed descriptions of the functions used to interact with the ADC peripheral of the ATMEGA328 microcontroller. These functions are part of the custom library for accessing and utilizing the ADC hardware. Each function is explained with its purpose and usage, accompanied by code examples to demonstrate how they can be implemented in your projects.

Note

The library and all of its APIs provided below have been developed by myself.
This library utilizes various macros defined in the aKaReZa.h header file, which are designed to simplify bitwise operations and register manipulations.
Detailed descriptions of these macros can be found at the following link:
https://github.com/aKaReZa75/AVR/blob/main/Macros.md

Setting	Value
CPU Frequency	16 MHz
Prescaler	128
Reference Voltage	AVCC
Result Alignment	Right Alignment
Measurement Method	Polling

Initialization

void adc_Init(bool _initStatus);

• This function configures the ADC to use the default settings for the input channel and reference voltage.
• It also enables the ADC and sets the appropriate prescaler for ADC clock.
• @param _initStatus:
  • If _initStatus is set to Initialize, the USART module will be configured and enabled.
  • If _initStatus is set to deInitialize, the USART module will be disabled and deinitialized.

Example:

#include "aKaReZa.h"
#include "adc.h"

int main(void) 
{
    adc_Init(Initialize); /**< Initialize ADC with default settings */
    while(1)
    {
        /* Your code here */
    }
}

Internal Temperature Sensor

int8_t adc_internalTemp(void);

• This function returns the ADC result from the internal temperature sensor.

Example:

#include "aKaReZa.h"
#include "adc.h"

int8_t tempValue = 0;

int main(void) 
{
    adc_Init(Initialize); /**< Initialize ADC with default settings */
    tempValue = adc_internalTemp(); /**< Get the temperature value from the internal sensor */
    while(1)
    {
        /* Use the tempValue */
    }
}

ADC Read

uint16_t adc_Read(uint8_t _adcChannel);

• This function returns the 10-bit result from the specified ADC channel.

• @param _adcChannel: Specifies the ADC channel to be read. It is an 8-bit value, where each bit represents an ADC input channel (0-7 for the ATMEGA328).

Important

The ATMEGA328's ADC operates sequentially, meaning that you cannot read multiple channels simultaneously. To read data from multiple ADC channels, you need to read each channel one by one, performing an individual conversion for each channel.
This process is not parallel, so you'll need to configure the ADC to select the desired channel before each conversion, and wait for the conversion to complete before moving on to the next channel. While this means the readings are not simultaneous, it allows for accurate sampling of each individual channel.

Example:

#include "aKaReZa.h"
#include "adc.h"

uint16_t adcResult = 0;

int main(void) 
{
    adc_Init(Initialize); /**< Initialize ADC with default settings */
    adcResult = adc_Read(0); /**< Read the ADC value from channel 0 */
    while(1)
    {
        /* Use the adcResult */
    }
}

Summary

API Function	Description
adc_Init	Initializes the ADC module with default settings.
adc_internalTemp	Reads the internal temperature sensor.
adc_Read	Reads the ADC value from a specified channel.

Complete Example

#include "aKaReZa.h"
#include "adc.h"

uint16_t adcResult = 0;

int main(void) 
{
    adc_Init(Initialize); /**< Initialize the ADC with default settings */
    while(1)
    {
        adcResult = adc_Read(0); /**< Read ADC from channel 0 */
        /* Example usage of ADC result */
        if (adcResult > 512)
        {
            bitSet(PORTB, 0); /**< Set PORTB0 if ADC result is greater than 512 */
        }
        else
        {
            bitClear(PORTB, 0); /**< Clear PORTB0 if ADC result is less than 512 */
        }
    }
}

Converting Voltage to ADC Value:

When we apply an analog voltage to the ADC input, the ADC converts this voltage into a digital value. The ADC resolution (in this case, 10 bits) defines the number of discrete levels the ADC can represent. For a 10-bit ADC, the range of values is from 0 to 1023 (1024 levels). The actual value obtained by the ADC depends on the input voltage relative to the reference voltage.

Key Parameters for Conversion:

1. ADC Resolution: 10 bits (This means the ADC result will range from 0 to 1023, representing 1024 levels of the input voltage.)
2. Reference Voltage: The reference voltage used for the conversion (in this case, AVCC as selected earlier).
3. Input Voltage (V_in): The actual voltage applied to the ADC input pin.

Formula for Conversion (Voltage to ADC Value):

To convert a given input voltage ( V_{in} ) to the corresponding ADC value:

// To convert the input voltage to ADC value:
ADC_value = (V_in / V_ref) * 1023

Where:

• ADC_value is the digital value obtained from the ADC conversion (ranges from 0 to 1023).
• V_in is the input voltage (voltage applied to the ADC input pin).
• V_ref is the reference voltage (e.g., AVCC, typically 5V or 3.3V).

Example Calculation (Voltage to ADC Value):

// Assume:
// Input voltage = 2.5V
// Reference Voltage = 5V

ADC_value = (2.5 / 5) * 1023  // Convert voltage to ADC value
ADC_value = 511.5             // So the corresponding ADC value is approximately 512

This means that when a 2.5V input is applied to the ADC with a 5V reference, the ADC value will be approximately 512 (rounding to the nearest integer).

Conclusion:

• Voltage to ADC Value: You can convert an input voltage to an ADC value using the formula:

  ADC_value = (V_in / V_ref) * 1023

  For example, a 2.5V input with a 5V reference results in an ADC value of 512.

Converting ADC Value to Voltage:

Once the ADC conversion is complete, the result is a digital value that represents the analog input voltage in a certain range based on the reference voltage. To convert the ADC value back to the actual voltage applied to the input pin, use the following method:

Formula for Conversion (ADC Value to Voltage):

To convert the ADC value back to the input voltage ( V_{in} ), the formula is:

// To convert the ADC value to the input voltage:
V_in = (ADC_value / 1023) * V_ref

Where:

• V_in is the input voltage (voltage applied to the ADC input pin).
• ADC_value is the digital value obtained from the ADC conversion (ranges from 0 to 1023).
• V_ref is the reference voltage (e.g., AVCC, typically 5V or 3.3V).

Example Calculation (ADC Value to Voltage):

// Assume:
// ADC result = 512
// Reference Voltage = 5V

V_in = (512 / 1023) * 5V   // Convert ADC value to voltage
V_in = 2.5V                // So the corresponding input voltage is 2.5V

This means that an ADC value of 512 corresponds to an input voltage of 2.5V when using a 5V reference.

Conclusion:

• ADC Value to Voltage: You can convert the ADC value back to the input voltage using the formula:

  V_in = (ADC_value / 1023) * V_ref

  For example, an ADC value of 512 with a 5V reference corresponds to an input voltage of 2.5V.

ADC Conversion Time

The time it takes for an ADC conversion to complete depends on several factors, such as the ADC resolution, the ADC clock, and the prescaler setting. In the case of the ATMEGA328 microcontroller with a 16 MHz CPU clock, a prescaler of 128, and a 10-bit ADC resolution, we can calculate the time it takes for one conversion.

Key Parameters:

1. CPU Frequency: 16 MHz (16,000,000 Hz)
2. ADC Prescaler: 128 (Set using ADPS2, ADPS1, and ADPS0 bits)
3. ADC Resolution: 10 bits (This means the ADC produces a 10-bit result, which requires 1024 discrete levels)
4. ADC Conversion Clock: The ADC clock is derived from the CPU clock and is divided by the prescaler.

ADC Clock Frequency Calculation:

The ADC clock frequency is calculated by dividing the CPU clock frequency by the prescaler:

ADC Clock = (CPU Frequency / Prescaler) = (16 MHz / 128) = 125 kHz

So, the ADC is running at a frequency of 125 kHz.

ADC Conversion Time:

The ATMEGA328's ADC takes 13 ADC clock cycles to perform a single 10-bit conversion. This time includes the steps for sampling and conversion.

Conversion Time = 13 ADC Clock Cycles

Since the ADC clock frequency is 125 kHz, the time per ADC clock cycle is the inverse of the clock frequency:

ADC Clock Cycle Time = 1 / 125,000 = 8 microseconds

Now, multiply the ADC clock cycle time by the number of clock cycles required for a conversion:

ADC Conversion Time = 13 * 8 microseconds = 104 microseconds

Conclusion:

With a 16 MHz CPU frequency and an ADC prescaler of 128, the time it takes to complete one ADC conversion in 10-bit resolution is approximately 104 microseconds.

Important Notes

• Reference Voltage: The accuracy of the ADC result depends on the reference voltage. If you're using the internal 1.1V reference, be sure to account for the actual voltage value, as it may vary slightly across different microcontroller units.

• Input Impedance: The ADC requires a low-impedance source to obtain accurate readings. If your input signal has high impedance, consider using a buffer or amplifier to improve the signal quality.

• Overvoltage: Ensure that the input voltage is within the allowable range for the ADC. Voltages higher than the reference voltage can damage the microcontroller.

🔗 Resources

Here you'll find a collection of useful links and videos related to the topic of AVR microcontrollers.

aKaReZa 77 – AVR, Analog - ADC Learn about the features of the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) in AVR microcontrollers, including block diagrams, control and data registers, voltage measurement, multi-channel measurement, analog temperature sensor connection, internal temperature sensor usage, and noise canceler capabilities.

Tip

The resources are detailed in the sections below.
To access any of them, simply click on the corresponding blue link.

• AVR Microntroller

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