DNF is a nearest-neighbor approach for photometric redshift estimation developed at the CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas). DNF computes the photo-z hyperplane that best fits the directional neighbourhood of a photometric galaxy in the training sample. A detailed description of DNF is available here.
If you have any questions or suggestions, please don't hesitate to contact us at laura.toribio@ciemat.es and/or juan.vicente@ciemat.es.
The current version of the code for RAILconsists of a training stage, DNFInformer and a estimation stage DNFEstimator. DNFInformer is a class that preprocesses the protometric data, handles missing or non-detected values, and trains a firts basic k-Nearest Neighbors regressor for redshift prediction. The DNFEstimator calculates photometric redshifts based on an enhancement of Nearest Neighbor techniques. The class supports three main metrics for redshift estimation: ENF, ANF or DNF.
- ENF: Euclidean neighbourhood. It's a common distance metric used in kNN (k-Nearest Neighbors) for photometric redshift prediction.
- ANF: uses normalized inner product for more accurate photo-z predictions. It is particularly recommended when working with datasets containing more than four filters. Use normalized inner product for more accurate photo-z predictions when signal/noise is good enough.
- DNF: combines Euclidean and angular metrics, improving accuracy, especially for larger neighborhoods, and maintaining proportionality in observable content.
The DNFInformer class processes a training dataset and produces a model file containing the computed magnitudes, colors, and their associated errors for the dataset. This model is then utilized in the DNFEstimator stage for photometric redshift estimation. Missing photometric detections (non-detections) are handled by replacing them with a configurable placeholder value, or optionally ignoring them during model training.
The configurable parameters for DNFInformer include:
bands: List of band names expected in the input dataset.err_bands: List of magnitude error column names corresponding to the bands.redshift_col: String indicating the name of the redshift column in the input data.mag_limits: Dictionary with band names as keys and floats representing the acceptable magnitude range for each band.nondetect_val: Float or np.nan, the value indicating a non-detection, which will be replaced by the values in mag_limits.replace_nondetect: Boolean; if True, non-detections are replaced with the specified nondetect_val. If False, non-detections are ignored during the neighbor-finding process.
The DNFEstimator class uses the model generated by DNFInformer to compute photometric redshifts for new datasets and the PDFs. It identifies the nearest neighbors from the training data using various distance metrics and estimates redshifts based on these neighbors.
The configurable parameters for DNFEstimator include:
bands,err_bands,redshift_col,nondetect_val,mag_limits: As described forDNFInformer.selection_mode: Integer indicating the method for neighbor selection:0: Euclidean Neighbourhood Fitting (ENF).1: Angular Neighbourhood Fitting (ANF).2: Directional Neighbourhood Fitting (DNF).
zmin,zmax,nzbins: Float values defining the minimum and maximum redshift range and the number of bins for estimation of the PDFs.pdf_estimation: Boolean; if True, computes a probability density function (PDF) for the redshift of each object.
DNF calculates its own point estimate, DNF_Z, which is stored in the qp Ensemble ancil data. Also, DNF calculates other photo-zs called DNF_ZN.
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DNF_Zrepresents the photometric redshift for each galaxy computed as the weighted average or hyperplane fit (depending on the option selected) for a set of neighbors determined by a specific metric (ENF, ANF, DNF) where the outliers are removed -
DNF_ZNrepresents the photometric redshift using only the closest neighbor. It is mainly used for computing the redshift distributions.
This package is part of the larger ecosystem of Photometric Redshifts in RAIL.
RAIL is open source and may be used according to the terms of its LICENSE (BSD 3-Clause). If you used RAIL in your study, please cite this repository https://github.com/LSSTDESC/RAIL, and RAIL Team et al. (2025) https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02928
@ARTICLE{2025arXiv250502928T,
author = {{The RAIL Team} and {van den Busch}, Jan Luca and {Charles}, Eric and {Cohen-Tanugi}, Johann and {Crafford}, Alice and {Crenshaw}, John Franklin and {Dagoret}, Sylvie and {De-Santiago}, Josue and {De Vicente}, Juan and {Hang}, Qianjun and {Joachimi}, Benjamin and {Joudaki}, Shahab and {Bryce Kalmbach}, J. and {Kannawadi}, Arun and {Liang}, Shuang and {Lynn}, Olivia and {Malz}, Alex I. and {Mandelbaum}, Rachel and {Merz}, Grant and {Moskowitz}, Irene and {Oldag}, Drew and {Ruiz-Zapatero}, Jaime and {Rahman}, Mubdi and {Rau}, Markus M. and {Schmidt}, Samuel J. and {Scora}, Jennifer and {Shirley}, Raphael and {St{\"o}lzner}, Benjamin and {Toribio San Cipriano}, Laura and {Tortorelli}, Luca and {Yan}, Ziang and {Zhang}, Tianqing and {the Dark Energy Science Collaboration}},
title = "{Redshift Assessment Infrastructure Layers (RAIL): Rubin-era photometric redshift stress-testing and at-scale production}",
journal = {arXiv e-prints},
keywords = {Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics of Galaxies},
year = 2025,
month = may,
eid = {arXiv:2505.02928},
pages = {arXiv:2505.02928},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2505.02928},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {2505.02928},
primaryClass = {astro-ph.IM},
adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025arXiv250502928T},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
Please consider also inviting the developers as co-authors on publications resulting from your use of RAIL by making an issue. A convenient list of what to cite may be found under Citing RAIL on ReadTheDocs. Additionally, several of the codes accessible through the RAIL ecosystem must be cited if used in a publication.
Users of rail_dnf can cite De Vicente, Sanchez, & Sevilla-Noarbe If you use this package, you should also cite the appropriate papers for each code used. A list of such codes is included in the Citing RAIL section of the main RAIL Read The Docs page.