Merge branch 'slides/134-break-040_statements-into-chapters' into 'master'

Resolve "Break 040_statements into chapters"

Closes #134

See merge request feng/training/material!222

Author: frank-at-adacore

courses/fundamentals_of_ada/040_statements.rst

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+==============
+Introduction
+==============
+
+-----------------
+Statement Kinds
+-----------------
+
+* Simple
+
+  - :ada:`null`
+  - :ada:`A := B` (assignments)
+  - :ada:`exit`
+  - :ada:`goto`
+  - :ada:`delay`
+  - :ada:`raise`
+  - :ada:`P (A, B)` (procedure calls)
+  - :ada:`return`
+  - Tasking-related: :ada:`requeue`, entry call :ada:`T.E (A, B)`, :ada:`abort`
+
+* Compound
+
+  - :ada:`if`
+  - :ada:`case`
+  - :ada:`loop` (and variants)
+  - :ada:`declare`
+  - Tasking-related: :ada:`accept`, :ada:`select`
+
+*Tasking-related are seen in the tasking chapter*
+
+----------------------------
+Procedure Calls (Overview)
+----------------------------
+
+* Procedures must be defined before they are called
+
+  .. code:: Ada
+
+     procedure Activate (This : in out Foo;
+                         Flag :        Boolean);  
+
+* Procedure calls are statements
+
+  * Traditional call notation
+
+    .. code:: Ada
+
+      Activate (Idle, True);
+
+  * "Distinguished Receiver" notation
+
+    .. code:: Ada
+
+      Idle.Activate (True);
+
+* More details in "Subprograms" section
+

courses/fundamentals_of_ada/040_statements/01-introduction.rst

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+==================
+Block Statements
+==================
+
+------------------
+Block Statements
+------------------
+
+    * Local **scope**
+    * Optional declarative part
+    * Used for
+
+       - Temporary declarations
+       - Declarations as part of statement sequence
+       - Local catching of exceptions
+
+    * Syntax
+
+       .. code:: Ada
+
+          [block-name :]
+          [declare <declarative part> ]
+          begin
+             <statements>
+          end [block-name];
+
+--------------------------
+Block Statements Example
+--------------------------
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+   begin
+      Get (V);
+      Get (U);
+      if U > V then -- swap them
+         Swap: declare
+            Temp : Integer;
+         begin
+            Temp := U;
+            U := V;
+            V := Temp;
+         end Swap;
+         -- Temp does not exist here
+      end if;
+      Print (U);
+      Print (V);
+   end;
+

courses/fundamentals_of_ada/040_statements/02-block_statements.rst

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+=================
+Null Statements
+=================
+
+-----------------
+Null Statements
+-----------------
+
+* Explicit no-op statement
+* Constructs with required statement
+* Explicit statements help compiler
+
+    - Oversights
+    - Editing accidents
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+   case Today is
+     when Monday .. Thursday =>
+       Work (9.0);
+     when Friday =>
+       Work (4.0);
+     when Saturday .. Sunday =>
+       null;
+   end case;
+

courses/fundamentals_of_ada/040_statements/03-null_statements.rst

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+=======================
+Assignment Statements
+=======================
+
+-----------------------
+Assignment Statements
+-----------------------
+
+* Syntax
+
+   .. code:: Ada
+
+      <variable> := <expression>;
+
+* Value of expression is copied to target variable
+* The type of the RHS must be same as the LHS
+
+   - Rejected at compile-time otherwise
+
+.. container:: latex_environment small
+
+  .. code:: Ada
+
+     declare
+        type Miles_T is range 0 .. Max_Miles;
+        type Km_T is range 0 .. Max_Kilometers
+
+        M : Miles_T := 2; -- universal integer legal for any integer
+        K : Km_T := 2; -- universal integer legal for any integer
+     begin
+        M := K; -- compile error
+
+----------------------------------------
+Assignment Statements, Not Expressions
+----------------------------------------
+
+* Separate from expressions
+
+   - No Ada equivalent for these:
+
+      .. code:: C++
+
+         int a = b = c = 1;
+         while (line = readline(file))
+            { ...do something with line... }
+
+* No assignment in conditionals
+
+   - E.g. :ada:`if (a == 1)` compared to :ada:`if (a = 1)`
+
+------------------
+Assignable Views
+------------------
+
+* A :dfn:`view` controls the way an entity can be treated
+
+   - At different points in the program text
+
+* The named entity must be an assignable variable
+
+   - Thus the view of the target object must allow assignment
+
+* Various un-assignable views
+
+   - Constants
+   - Variables of :ada:`limited` types
+   - Formal parameters of mode :ada:`in`
+
+.. code:: Ada
+
+   Max : constant Integer := 100;
+   ...
+   Max := 200; -- illegal
+
+--------------------------------
+Aliasing the Assignment Target
+--------------------------------
+
+.. admonition:: Language Variant
+
+   Ada 2022
+
+* C allows you to simplify assignments when the target is used in the expression. This avoids duplicating (possibly long) names.
+
+   .. code:: C
+
+      total = total + value;
+      // becomes
+      total += value;
+
+* Ada 2022 implements this by using the target name symbol **@**
+
+   .. code:: Ada
+
+      Total := Total + Value;
+      -- becomes
+      Total := @ + Value;
+
+* Benefit
+
+   * Symbol can be used multiple times in expression
+
+      .. code:: Ada
+
+         Value := (if @ > 0 then @ else -(@));
+
+* Limitation
+
+   * Symbol is read-only (so it can't change during evaluation)
+
+      .. code:: Ada
+
+         function Update (X : in out Integer) return Integer;
+         function Increment (X: Integer) return Integer;
+
+      .. code:: Ada
+         :number-lines: 13
+
+            Value := Update (@);
+            Value := Increment (@);
+
+      ``example.adb:13:21: error: actual for "X" must be a variable``
+
+------
+Quiz
+------
+
+.. container:: latex_environment scriptsize
+
+ .. container:: columns
+
+  .. container:: column
+
+   .. code:: Ada
+
+      type One_T is range 0 .. 100;
+      type Two_T is range 0 .. 100;
+      A : constant := 100;
+      B : constant One_T := 99;
+      C : constant Two_T := 98;
+      X : One_T := 0;
+      Y : Two_T := 0;
+
+  .. container:: column
+
+   Which block(s) is (are) legal?
+
+   A. | :answermono:`X := A;`
+      | :answermono:`Y := A;`
+   B. | :answermono:`X := B;`
+      | :answermono:`Y := C;`
+   C. | ``X := One_T(X + C);``
+   D. | :answermono:`X := One_T(Y);`
+      | :answermono:`Y := Two_T(X);`
+
+   .. container:: animate
+
+     Explanations
+
+     A. Legal - :ada:`A` is an untyped constant
+     B. Legal - :ada:`B, C` are correctly typed
+     C. Illegal - No such "+" operator: must convert operand individually
+     D. Legal - Correct conversion and types
+