diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION
index 1deed8f79e..9e9bf500ce 100644
--- a/DESCRIPTION
+++ b/DESCRIPTION
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Package: ggplot2
 Title: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics
-Version: 3.5.2.9001
+Version: 3.5.2.9002
 Authors@R: c(
     person("Hadley", "Wickham", , "hadley@posit.co", role = "aut",
            comment = c(ORCID = "0000-0003-4757-117X")),
diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE
index 5893c8bb5a..284d21da05 100644
--- a/NAMESPACE
+++ b/NAMESPACE
@@ -295,11 +295,26 @@ export(borders)
 export(build_ggplot)
 export(calc_element)
 export(check_device)
+export(class_S3_gg)
+export(class_coord)
+export(class_derive)
+export(class_facet)
+export(class_gg)
 export(class_ggplot)
 export(class_ggplot_built)
+export(class_ggproto)
+export(class_guide)
+export(class_guides)
 export(class_labels)
+export(class_layer)
+export(class_layout)
 export(class_mapping)
+export(class_rel)
+export(class_scale)
+export(class_scales_list)
 export(class_theme)
+export(class_waiver)
+export(class_zero_grob)
 export(combine_vars)
 export(complete_theme)
 export(continuous_scale)
diff --git a/R/all-classes.R b/R/all-classes.R
index 23fb806578..23fe36cd78 100644
--- a/R/all-classes.R
+++ b/R/all-classes.R
@@ -1,27 +1,203 @@
-# S3 classes --------------------------------------------------------------
+# Docs -------------------------------------------------------------
 
-# Meta classes:
-# TODO: These should be replaced once R 4.3.0 is the minimum version as `+`
-# dispatch should work as intended.
-class_gg    <- S7::new_class("gg", abstract = TRUE)
-class_S3_gg <- S7::new_S3_class("gg")
+#' Class definitions
+#'
+#' The S7 object oriented programming system requires class definitions.
+#' Here, we provide definitions of classes that are home to ggplot2.
+#'
+#' @section S7 classes:
+#'
+#' A general advice the S7 package gives is to name class definition objects
+#' the same as the class name, which then becomes the constructor for the class.
+#' The classes listed below deviate from that advice for historical reasons,
+#' because some constructors like `ggplot()` are also S3 generics with methods.
+#' The have the `class_`-prefix to indicate their role.
+#'
+#' * [`class_ggplot`] is an S7 class used for objects generated by [ggplot()].
+#' * [`class_ggplot_built`] is an S7 class used for objects generated by
+#'   [ggplot_build()].
+#' * [`class_mapping`] is an S7 class used for objects generated by [aes()].
+#' * [`class_theme`] is an S7 class used for objects generated by [theme()].
+#' * [`class_labels`] is an S7 class used for objects generated by [labs()].
+#'
+#' @section Theme elements:
+#'
+#' The theme elements follow the advice of the S7 package that the class names
+#' are also the class definitions and constructors.
+#'
+#' * [`element`] is an abstract S7 class used to invoke similar behaviour among
+#'   theme element objects.
+#' * [`element_blank`] is an S7 class for not drawing theme elements.
+#' * [`element_rect`] is an S7 class for drawing rectangles.
+#' * [`element_line`] is an S7 class for drawing lines.
+#' * [`element_text`] is an S7 class for rendering text.
+#' * [`element_polygon`] is an S7 class for drawing polygons.
+#' * [`element_point`] is an S7 class for drawing points.
+#' * [`element_geom`] is an S7 class holding geom defaults.
+#' * [`margin`] is an S7 class for declaring margins.
+#'
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#'
+#' The ggproto classes are S3 classes of the type environment that form the
+#' backbone of most systems in ggplot2 and are in particular crucial to the
+#' extension system.
+#'
+#' @section S3 classes:
+#'
+#' Some simple classes remain S3, primarily because they aren't meant to be
+#' recycled into new classes.
+#'
+#' @name class_definitions
+#' @keywords internal
+NULL
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section S7 classes:
+#' * `class_gg` is an abstract S7 class to used invoke similar behaviour among
+#'   ggplot objects.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
+class_gg <- S7::new_class("gg", abstract = TRUE)
+
+# ggproto classes ---------------------------------------------------------
 
-# Proper S3 classes we need awareness for
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#' * `class_ggproto` is an S3 class used for the objects generated by
+#'   [ggproto()] which are of the type environment.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
 class_ggproto <- S7::new_S3_class("ggproto")
-class_gtable  <- S7::new_S3_class("gtable")
 
-# The important ggproto classes that we treat as S3 classes in S7 even though
-# they are their own thing.
-class_scale  <- S7::new_S3_class("Scale")
+# We don't own this class, so we don't export or describe it
+class_gtable <- S7::new_S3_class("gtable")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#' * `class_scale` is a subclass of `class_ggproto` and is more described in
+#'   the [Scale] documentation.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
+class_scale <- S7::new_S3_class("Scale")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#' * `class_guides` is a subclass of `class_ggproto` and is considered an
+#'   internal class.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
 class_guides <- S7::new_S3_class("Guides")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#' * `class_guide` is a subclass of `class_ggproto` and is more described in the
+#'   [Guide] documentation.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
+class_guide  <- S7::new_S3_class("Guide")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#' * `class_coord` is a subclass of `class_ggproto` and is more described in the
+#'   [Coord] documentation.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
 class_coord  <- S7::new_S3_class("Coord")
+
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#' * `class_facet` is a subclass of `class_ggproto` and is more described in the
+#'   [Facet] documentation.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
 class_facet  <- S7::new_S3_class("Facet")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#' * `class_layer` is a subclass of `class_ggproto` and is used for the objects
+#'   generated by [layer()]. The class itself is considered internal and is
+#'   described in more detail in the [Layer] documentation.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
 class_layer  <- S7::new_S3_class("Layer")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#' * `class_layout` is a subclass of `class_ggproto` and is considered an
+#'   internal class. It is described in more detail in the [Layout]
+#'   documentation.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
 class_layout <- S7::new_S3_class("Layout")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section ggproto classes:
+#' * `class_scales_list` is a subclass of `class_ggproto` and is considered an
+#'   internal class.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
 class_scales_list <- S7::new_S3_class("ScalesList")
 
+# S3 classes --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section S3 classes:
+#' * `r lifecycle::badge("superseded")` `class_S3_gg` is a temporary S3 class
+#'   until R 4.3.0 is the minimum  supported version. It is exported and
+#'   listed here for completeness, but its use is heavily discouraged. It
+#'   is superseded by `class_gg`.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
+class_S3_gg <- S7::new_S3_class("gg")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section S3 classes:
+#' * `class_rel` is an S3 class used in [element] properties.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
+class_rel <- S7::new_S3_class("rel")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section S3 classes:
+#' * `class_zero_grob` is an S3 class used to indicate empty drawings.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
+class_zero_grob <- S7::new_S3_class("zeroGrob")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section S3 classes:
+#' * `class_waiver` is an S3 sentinel value class used in various places.
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
+class_waiver <- S7::new_S3_class("waiver")
+
+#' @rdname class_definitions
+#' @section S3 classes:
+#' * `class_derive` is an S3 sentinel value class used primarily in [sec_axis()].
+#' @export
+#' @format NULL
+#' @usage NULL
+class_derive <- S7::new_S3_class("derive")
+
 # User facing classes -----------------------------------------------------
 
+## Theme -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 #' The theme class
 #'
 #' The theme class holds information on how non-data elements of the plot
@@ -29,6 +205,7 @@ class_scales_list <- S7::new_S3_class("ScalesList")
 #' is through the [`theme()`] function.
 #'
 #' @param elements A named list containing theme elements.
+#' @param ... Reserved for future expansion.
 #' @param complete A boolean value stating whether a theme is complete.
 #' @param validate A boolean value stating whether a theme should still be
 #'   validated.
@@ -41,7 +218,8 @@ class_theme <- S7::new_class(
     complete = S7::class_logical,
     validate = S7::class_logical
   ),
-  constructor = function(elements, complete, validate) {
+  constructor = function(elements, ..., complete, validate) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     S7::new_object(
       elements,
       complete = complete,
@@ -50,6 +228,8 @@ class_theme <- S7::new_class(
   }
 )
 
+## Labels ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 #' The labels class
 #'
 #' The labels class holds a list with label information to display as titles
@@ -57,12 +237,20 @@ class_theme <- S7::new_class(
 #' class is to use the [`labs()`] function.
 #'
 #' @param labels A named list.
+#' @param ... Reserved for future expansion.
+#'
+#' @details
+#' All members of `labels` are expected to be named and names should be unique.
+#'
 #'
 #' @keywords internal
 #' @export
 class_labels <- S7::new_class(
   "labels", parent = class_S3_gg,
-  constructor = function(labels) S7::new_object(labels),
+  constructor = function(labels, ...) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
+    S7::new_object(labels)
+  },
   validator = function(self) {
     if (!is.list(self)) {
       return("labels must be a list.")
@@ -79,6 +267,8 @@ class_labels <- S7::new_class(
   }
 )
 
+## Mapping -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
 #' The mapping class
 #'
 #' The mapping class holds a list of quoted expressions
@@ -86,13 +276,15 @@ class_labels <- S7::new_class(
 #' constructed using the [`aes()`] function.
 #'
 #' @param x A list of quosures and constants.
+#' @param ... Reserved for future expansion.
 #' @param env An environment for symbols that are not quosures or constants.
 #'
 #' @keywords internal
 #' @export
 class_mapping <- S7::new_class(
   "mapping", parent = class_S3_gg,
-  constructor = function(x, env = globalenv()) {
+  constructor = function(x, ..., env = globalenv()) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     check_object(x, is.list, "a {.cls list}")
     x <- lapply(x, new_aesthetic, env = env)
     x <- S7::new_object(x)
@@ -101,12 +293,15 @@ class_mapping <- S7::new_class(
   }
 )
 
+## ggplot ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 #' The ggplot class
 #'
 #' The ggplot class collects the needed information to render a plot.
 #' This class can be constructed using the [`ggplot()`] function.
 #'
 #' @param data A property containing any data coerced by [`fortify()`].
+#' @param ... Reserved for future expansion.
 #' @param layers A list of layer instances created by [`layer()`].
 #' @param scales A ScalesList ggproto object.
 #' @param guides A Guides ggproto object created by [`guides()`].
@@ -140,12 +335,22 @@ class_ggplot <- S7::new_class(
     meta    = S7::class_list,
     plot_env = S7::class_environment
   ),
-  constructor = function(data = waiver(), layers = list(), scales = NULL,
-                         guides = NULL, mapping = aes(), theme = NULL,
-                         coordinates = coord_cartesian(default = TRUE),
-                         facet = facet_null(), layout = NULL,
-                         labels = labs(), meta = list(),
-                         plot_env = parent.frame()) {
+  constructor = function(
+    data = waiver(),
+    ...,
+    layers = list(),
+    scales = NULL,
+    guides = NULL,
+    mapping = aes(),
+    theme = NULL,
+    coordinates = coord_cartesian(default = TRUE),
+    facet = facet_null(),
+    layout = NULL,
+    labels = labs(),
+    meta = list(),
+    plot_env = parent.frame()
+  ) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     S7::new_object(
       S7::S7_object(),
       data        = data,
@@ -164,6 +369,8 @@ class_ggplot <- S7::new_class(
   }
 )
 
+## Built ggplot ------------------------------------------------------------
+
 #' The ggplot built class
 #'
 #' The ggplot built class is an intermediate class and represents a processed
@@ -172,6 +379,7 @@ class_ggplot <- S7::new_class(
 #' instantiated directly. The class can be rendered to a gtable object by
 #' calling the [`ggplot_gtable()`] function on a ggplot built class object.
 #'
+#' @param ... Reserved for future expansion.
 #' @param data A list of plain data frames; one for each layer.
 #' @param layout A Layout ggproto object.
 #' @param plot A completed ggplot class object.
@@ -185,7 +393,8 @@ class_ggplot_built <- S7::new_class(
     layout = class_layout,
     plot   = class_ggplot
   ),
-  constructor = function(data = NULL, layout = NULL, plot = NULL) {
+  constructor = function(..., data = NULL, layout = NULL, plot = NULL) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     if (is.null(data) || is.null(layout) || is.null(plot)) {
       cli::cli_abort(
         "The {.cls ggplot_built} class should be constructed by {.fn ggplot_build}."
@@ -193,7 +402,9 @@ class_ggplot_built <- S7::new_class(
     }
     S7::new_object(
       S7::S7_object(),
-      data = data, layout = layout, plot = plot
+      data = data,
+      layout = layout,
+      plot = plot
     )
   }
 )
diff --git a/R/margins.R b/R/margins.R
index 15a27520a1..af52156d5d 100644
--- a/R/margins.R
+++ b/R/margins.R
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 #' @export
 margin <- S7::new_class(
   "margin", parent = S7::new_S3_class(c("simpleUnit", "unit", "unit_v2")),
-  constructor = function(t = 0, r = 0, b = 0, l = 0, unit = "pt") {
+  constructor = function(t = 0, r = 0, b = 0, l = 0, unit = "pt", ...) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     lens <- c(length(t), length(r), length(b), length(l))
     if (any(lens != 1)) {
       incorrect <- c("t", "r", "b", "l")[lens != 1]
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ margin_part <- function(t = NA, r = NA, b = NA, l = NA, unit = "pt") {
 #' @rdname element
 #' @export
 margin_auto <- function(t = 0, r = t, b = t, l = r, unit = "pt") {
-  margin(t = t, r = r, b = b, l = l, unit)
+  margin(t = t, r = r, b = b, l = l, unit = unit)
 }
 
 as_margin <- function(x, x_arg = caller_arg(x), call = caller_env()) {
diff --git a/R/theme-elements.R b/R/theme-elements.R
index 09f8c96a13..be246c1dfe 100644
--- a/R/theme-elements.R
+++ b/R/theme-elements.R
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@
 #'   a blank element among its parents will cause this element to be blank as
 #'   well. If `FALSE` any blank parent element will be ignored when
 #'   calculating final element state.
+#' @param ... Reserved for future expansion.
+#'
 #' @return An object of class `element`, `rel`, or `margin`.
 #' @details
 #' The `element_polygon()` and `element_point()` functions are not rendered
@@ -137,7 +139,8 @@ element_rect <- S7::new_class(
                                "inherit.blank")],
   constructor = function(fill = NULL, colour = NULL, linewidth = NULL,
                          linetype = NULL, color = NULL, linejoin = NULL,
-                         inherit.blank = FALSE, size = deprecated()){
+                         inherit.blank = FALSE, size = deprecated(), ...){
+    warn_dots_empty()
     if (lifecycle::is_present(size)) {
       deprecate_warn0("3.4.0", "element_rect(size)", "element_rect(linewidth)")
       linewidth <- size
@@ -171,7 +174,8 @@ element_line <- S7::new_class(
   constructor = function(colour = NULL, linewidth = NULL, linetype = NULL,
                          lineend = NULL, color = NULL, linejoin = NULL,
                          arrow = NULL, arrow.fill = NULL,
-                         inherit.blank = FALSE, size = deprecated()) {
+                         inherit.blank = FALSE, size = deprecated(), ...) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     if (lifecycle::is_present(size)) {
       deprecate_warn0("3.4.0", "element_line(size)", "element_line(linewidth)")
       linewidth <- size
@@ -225,7 +229,8 @@ element_text <- S7::new_class(
   constructor = function(family = NULL, face = NULL, colour = NULL,
                          size = NULL, hjust = NULL, vjust = NULL, angle = NULL,
                          lineheight = NULL, color = NULL, margin = NULL,
-                         debug = NULL, inherit.blank = FALSE) {
+                         debug = NULL, inherit.blank = FALSE, ...) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     n <- max(
       length(family), length(face), length(colour), length(size),
       length(hjust), length(vjust), length(angle), length(lineheight)
@@ -269,7 +274,8 @@ element_polygon <- S7::new_class(
   )],
   constructor = function(fill = NULL, colour = NULL, linewidth = NULL,
                          linetype = NULL, color = NULL, linejoin = NULL,
-                         inherit.blank = FALSE) {
+                         inherit.blank = FALSE, ...) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     colour <- color %||% colour
     S7::new_object(
       S7::S7_object(),
@@ -290,7 +296,8 @@ element_point <- S7::new_class(
     c("linewidth" = "stroke")
   ),
   constructor = function(colour = NULL, shape = NULL, size = NULL, fill = NULL,
-                         stroke = NULL, color = NULL, inherit.blank = FALSE) {
+                         stroke = NULL, color = NULL, inherit.blank = FALSE, ...) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     S7::new_object(
       S7::S7_object(),
       colour = color %||% colour, fill = fill, shape = shape, size = size,
@@ -327,8 +334,9 @@ element_geom <- S7::new_class(
     linetype = NULL, bordertype = NULL,
     family = NULL, fontsize = NULL,
     pointsize = NULL, pointshape = NULL,
-    colour = NULL, color = NULL, fill = NULL) {
-
+    colour = NULL, color = NULL, fill = NULL,
+    ...) {
+    warn_dots_empty()
     if (!is.null(fontsize)) {
       fontsize <- fontsize / .pt
     }
diff --git a/R/utilities.R b/R/utilities.R
index ec375b723e..348430fd12 100644
--- a/R/utilities.R
+++ b/R/utilities.R
@@ -850,6 +850,16 @@ warn_dots_used <- function(env = caller_env(), call = caller_env()) {
   )
 }
 
+warn_dots_empty <- function(env = caller_env(), call = caller_env()) {
+  check_dots_empty(
+    env = env, call = call,
+    error = function(cnd) {
+      msg <- gsub("\n", "\f", cnd_message(cnd))
+      cli::cli_warn(msg, call = call)
+    }
+  )
+}
+
 # TODO: Replace me if rlang/#1730 gets implemented
 # Similar to `rlang::check_installed()` but returns boolean and misses
 # features such as versions, comparisons and using {pak}.
diff --git a/man/class_definitions.Rd b/man/class_definitions.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b638cf6d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/class_definitions.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/all-classes.R
+\docType{data}
+\name{class_definitions}
+\alias{class_definitions}
+\alias{class_gg}
+\alias{class_ggproto}
+\alias{class_scale}
+\alias{class_guides}
+\alias{class_guide}
+\alias{class_coord}
+\alias{class_facet}
+\alias{class_layer}
+\alias{class_layout}
+\alias{class_scales_list}
+\alias{class_S3_gg}
+\alias{class_rel}
+\alias{class_zero_grob}
+\alias{class_waiver}
+\alias{class_derive}
+\title{Class definitions}
+\description{
+The S7 object oriented programming system requires class definitions.
+Here, we provide definitions of classes that are home to ggplot2.
+}
+\section{S7 classes}{
+
+
+A general advice the S7 package gives is to name class definition objects
+the same as the class name, which then becomes the constructor for the class.
+The classes listed below deviate from that advice for historical reasons,
+because some constructors like \code{ggplot()} are also S3 generics with methods.
+The have the \code{class_}-prefix to indicate their role.
+\itemize{
+\item \code{\link{class_ggplot}} is an S7 class used for objects generated by \code{\link[=ggplot]{ggplot()}}.
+\item \code{\link{class_ggplot_built}} is an S7 class used for objects generated by
+\code{\link[=ggplot_build]{ggplot_build()}}.
+\item \code{\link{class_mapping}} is an S7 class used for objects generated by \code{\link[=aes]{aes()}}.
+\item \code{\link{class_theme}} is an S7 class used for objects generated by \code{\link[=theme]{theme()}}.
+\item \code{\link{class_labels}} is an S7 class used for objects generated by \code{\link[=labs]{labs()}}.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_gg} is an abstract S7 class to used invoke similar behaviour among
+ggplot objects.
+}
+}
+
+\section{Theme elements}{
+
+
+The theme elements follow the advice of the S7 package that the class names
+are also the class definitions and constructors.
+\itemize{
+\item \code{\link{element}} is an abstract S7 class used to invoke similar behaviour among
+theme element objects.
+\item \code{\link{element_blank}} is an S7 class for not drawing theme elements.
+\item \code{\link{element_rect}} is an S7 class for drawing rectangles.
+\item \code{\link{element_line}} is an S7 class for drawing lines.
+\item \code{\link{element_text}} is an S7 class for rendering text.
+\item \code{\link{element_polygon}} is an S7 class for drawing polygons.
+\item \code{\link{element_point}} is an S7 class for drawing points.
+\item \code{\link{element_geom}} is an S7 class holding geom defaults.
+\item \code{\link{margin}} is an S7 class for declaring margins.
+}
+}
+
+\section{ggproto classes}{
+
+
+The ggproto classes are S3 classes of the type environment that form the
+backbone of most systems in ggplot2 and are in particular crucial to the
+extension system.
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_ggproto} is an S3 class used for the objects generated by
+\code{\link[=ggproto]{ggproto()}} which are of the type environment.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_scale} is a subclass of \code{class_ggproto} and is more described in
+the \link{Scale} documentation.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_guides} is a subclass of \code{class_ggproto} and is considered an
+internal class.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_guide} is a subclass of \code{class_ggproto} and is more described in the
+\link{Guide} documentation.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_coord} is a subclass of \code{class_ggproto} and is more described in the
+\link{Coord} documentation.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_facet} is a subclass of \code{class_ggproto} and is more described in the
+\link{Facet} documentation.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_layer} is a subclass of \code{class_ggproto} and is used for the objects
+generated by \code{\link[=layer]{layer()}}. The class itself is considered internal and is
+described in more detail in the \link{Layer} documentation.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_layout} is a subclass of \code{class_ggproto} and is considered an
+internal class. It is described in more detail in the \link{Layout}
+documentation.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_scales_list} is a subclass of \code{class_ggproto} and is considered an
+internal class.
+}
+}
+
+\section{S3 classes}{
+
+
+Some simple classes remain S3, primarily because they aren't meant to be
+recycled into new classes.
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \ifelse{html}{\href{https://lifecycle.r-lib.org/articles/stages.html#superseded}{\figure{lifecycle-superseded.svg}{options: alt='[Superseded]'}}}{\strong{[Superseded]}} \code{class_S3_gg} is a temporary S3 class
+until R 4.3.0 is the minimum  supported version. It is exported and
+listed here for completeness, but its use is heavily discouraged. It
+is superseded by \code{class_gg}.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_rel} is an S3 class used in \link{element} properties.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_zero_grob} is an S3 class used to indicate empty drawings.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_waiver} is an S3 sentinel value class used in various places.
+}
+
+
+\itemize{
+\item \code{class_derive} is an S3 sentinel value class used primarily in \code{\link[=sec_axis]{sec_axis()}}.
+}
+}
+
+\keyword{datasets}
+\keyword{internal}
diff --git a/man/class_ggplot.Rd b/man/class_ggplot.Rd
index 05b4f3e0df..13e7de84c1 100644
--- a/man/class_ggplot.Rd
+++ b/man/class_ggplot.Rd
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 \usage{
 class_ggplot(
   data = waiver(),
+  ...,
   layers = list(),
   scales = NULL,
   guides = NULL,
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@ class_ggplot(
 \arguments{
 \item{data}{A property containing any data coerced by \code{\link[=fortify]{fortify()}}.}
 
+\item{...}{Reserved for future expansion.}
+
 \item{layers}{A list of layer instances created by \code{\link[=layer]{layer()}}.}
 
 \item{scales}{A ScalesList ggproto object.}
diff --git a/man/class_ggplot_built.Rd b/man/class_ggplot_built.Rd
index 4e87451998..a52e45a0be 100644
--- a/man/class_ggplot_built.Rd
+++ b/man/class_ggplot_built.Rd
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@
 \alias{class_ggplot_built}
 \title{The ggplot built class}
 \usage{
-class_ggplot_built(data = NULL, layout = NULL, plot = NULL)
+class_ggplot_built(..., data = NULL, layout = NULL, plot = NULL)
 }
 \arguments{
+\item{...}{Reserved for future expansion.}
+
 \item{data}{A list of plain data frames; one for each layer.}
 
 \item{layout}{A Layout ggproto object.}
diff --git a/man/class_labels.Rd b/man/class_labels.Rd
index 57788e666d..9c94e05f13 100644
--- a/man/class_labels.Rd
+++ b/man/class_labels.Rd
@@ -4,14 +4,19 @@
 \alias{class_labels}
 \title{The labels class}
 \usage{
-class_labels(labels)
+class_labels(labels, ...)
 }
 \arguments{
 \item{labels}{A named list.}
+
+\item{...}{Reserved for future expansion.}
 }
 \description{
 The labels class holds a list with label information to display as titles
 of plot components. The preferred way to construct an object of the labels
 class is to use the \code{\link[=labs]{labs()}} function.
 }
+\details{
+All members of \code{labels} are expected to be named and names should be unique.
+}
 \keyword{internal}
diff --git a/man/class_mapping.Rd b/man/class_mapping.Rd
index 63f75456d3..715174a092 100644
--- a/man/class_mapping.Rd
+++ b/man/class_mapping.Rd
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 \alias{class_mapping}
 \title{The mapping class}
 \usage{
-class_mapping(x, env = globalenv())
+class_mapping(x, ..., env = globalenv())
 }
 \arguments{
 \item{x}{A list of quosures and constants.}
 
+\item{...}{Reserved for future expansion.}
+
 \item{env}{An environment for symbols that are not quosures or constants.}
 }
 \description{
diff --git a/man/class_theme.Rd b/man/class_theme.Rd
index ab3a03ef1d..e5c5db2d75 100644
--- a/man/class_theme.Rd
+++ b/man/class_theme.Rd
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 \alias{class_theme}
 \title{The theme class}
 \usage{
-class_theme(elements, complete, validate)
+class_theme(elements, ..., complete, validate)
 }
 \arguments{
 \item{elements}{A named list containing theme elements.}
 
+\item{...}{Reserved for future expansion.}
+
 \item{complete}{A boolean value stating whether a theme is complete.}
 
 \item{validate}{A boolean value stating whether a theme should still be
diff --git a/man/continuous_scale.Rd b/man/continuous_scale.Rd
index 76d7492ba6..f834d6cd00 100644
--- a/man/continuous_scale.Rd
+++ b/man/continuous_scale.Rd
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ continuous_scale(
   rescaler = rescale,
   oob = censor,
   expand = waiver(),
-  na.value = NA_real_,
+  na.value = NA,
   transform = "identity",
   trans = deprecated(),
   guide = "legend",
diff --git a/man/element.Rd b/man/element.Rd
index 8411711999..a1a528921d 100644
--- a/man/element.Rd
+++ b/man/element.Rd
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 \alias{rel}
 \title{Theme elements}
 \usage{
-margin(t = 0, r = 0, b = 0, l = 0, unit = "pt")
+margin(t = 0, r = 0, b = 0, l = 0, unit = "pt", ...)
 
 margin_part(t = NA, r = NA, b = NA, l = NA, unit = "pt")
 
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ element_rect(
   color = NULL,
   linejoin = NULL,
   inherit.blank = FALSE,
-  size = deprecated()
+  size = deprecated(),
+  ...
 )
 
 element_line(
@@ -46,7 +47,8 @@ element_line(
   arrow = NULL,
   arrow.fill = NULL,
   inherit.blank = FALSE,
-  size = deprecated()
+  size = deprecated(),
+  ...
 )
 
 element_text(
@@ -61,7 +63,8 @@ element_text(
   color = NULL,
   margin = NULL,
   debug = NULL,
-  inherit.blank = FALSE
+  inherit.blank = FALSE,
+  ...
 )
 
 element_polygon(
@@ -71,7 +74,8 @@ element_polygon(
   linetype = NULL,
   color = NULL,
   linejoin = NULL,
-  inherit.blank = FALSE
+  inherit.blank = FALSE,
+  ...
 )
 
 element_point(
@@ -81,7 +85,8 @@ element_point(
   fill = NULL,
   stroke = NULL,
   color = NULL,
-  inherit.blank = FALSE
+  inherit.blank = FALSE,
+  ...
 )
 
 element_geom(
@@ -98,7 +103,8 @@ element_geom(
   pointshape = NULL,
   colour = NULL,
   color = NULL,
-  fill = NULL
+  fill = NULL,
+  ...
 )
 
 rel(x)
@@ -109,6 +115,8 @@ rel(x)
 \item{unit}{Default units of dimensions. Defaults to "pt" so it
 can be most easily scaled with the text.}
 
+\item{...}{Reserved for future expansion.}
+
 \item{fill}{Fill colour. \code{fill_alpha()} can be used to set the transparency
 of the fill.}
 
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-theme.R b/tests/testthat/test-theme.R
index af5a304cdb..889304ce64 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-theme.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-theme.R
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ test_that("calculating theme element inheritance works", {
   # Check that inheritance from derived class works
   element_dummyrect <- S7::new_class(
     "element_dummyrect", parent = element_rect,
-    properties = c(element_rect@properties, list(dummy = S7::class_any))
+    properties = list(dummy = S7::class_any)
   )
 
   e <- calc_element(