diff --git a/dspy/primitives/__init__.py b/dspy/primitives/__init__.py
index c7cc2c0044..0fa160d260 100644
--- a/dspy/primitives/__init__.py
+++ b/dspy/primitives/__init__.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from dspy.primitives import assertions
 from dspy.primitives.example import Example
 from dspy.primitives.module import BaseModule
-from dspy.primitives.prediction import Prediction, Completions
-from dspy.primitives.program import Program, Module
+from dspy.primitives.prediction import Completions, Prediction
+from dspy.primitives.program import Module, Program
 from dspy.primitives.python_interpreter import PythonInterpreter
 from dspy.primitives.tool import Tool
 
diff --git a/dspy/primitives/example.py b/dspy/primitives/example.py
index 0d809482ab..589e537480 100644
--- a/dspy/primitives/example.py
+++ b/dspy/primitives/example.py
@@ -104,5 +104,5 @@ def without(self, *keys):
             del copied[key]
         return copied
 
-    def toDict(self):
+    def toDict(self):  # noqa: N802
         return self._store.copy()
diff --git a/dspy/primitives/module.py b/dspy/primitives/module.py
index 13ebe8809f..3ddaf74d66 100644
--- a/dspy/primitives/module.py
+++ b/dspy/primitives/module.py
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ def load(self, path):
         path = Path(path)
 
         if path.suffix == ".json":
-            with open(path, "r") as f:
+            with open(path) as f:
                 state = ujson.loads(f.read())
         elif path.suffix == ".pkl":
             with open(path, "rb") as f:
diff --git a/dspy/primitives/prediction.py b/dspy/primitives/prediction.py
index b05b3857cf..670b816b28 100644
--- a/dspy/primitives/prediction.py
+++ b/dspy/primitives/prediction.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def from_completions(cls, list_or_dict, signature=None):
         return obj
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        store_repr = ",\n    ".join(f"{k}={repr(v)}" for k, v in self._store.items())
+        store_repr = ",\n    ".join(f"{k}={v!r}" for k, v in self._store.items())
 
         if self._completions is None or len(self._completions) == 1:
             return f"Prediction(\n    {store_repr}\n)"
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def __contains__(self, key):
         return key in self._completions
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        items_repr = ",\n    ".join(f"{k}={repr(v)}" for k, v in self._completions.items())
+        items_repr = ",\n    ".join(f"{k}={v!r}" for k, v in self._completions.items())
         return f"Completions(\n    {items_repr}\n)"
 
     def __str__(self):
diff --git a/dspy/primitives/python_interpreter.py b/dspy/primitives/python_interpreter.py
index 7cb63bf98c..d96baa3635 100644
--- a/dspy/primitives/python_interpreter.py
+++ b/dspy/primitives/python_interpreter.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import json
+import os
 import subprocess
 from types import TracebackType
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
-import os
 
 
 class InterpreterError(RuntimeError):
@@ -155,4 +155,4 @@ def shutdown(self) -> None:
             self.deno_process.stdin.flush()
             self.deno_process.stdin.close()
             self.deno_process.wait()
-            self.deno_process = None
\ No newline at end of file
+            self.deno_process = None
diff --git a/dspy/primitives/tool.py b/dspy/primitives/tool.py
index 3edea2d52c..63574a9b72 100644
--- a/dspy/primitives/tool.py
+++ b/dspy/primitives/tool.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def foo(x: int, y: str = "hello"):
 
         self._parse_function(func, arg_desc)
 
-    def _parse_function(self, func: Callable, arg_desc: dict[str, str] = None):
+    def _parse_function(self, func: Callable, arg_desc: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None):
         """Helper method that parses a function to extract the name, description, and args.
 
         This is a helper function that automatically infers the name, description, and args of the tool from the
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ def _parse_function(self, func: Callable, arg_desc: dict[str, str] = None):
         self.desc = self.desc or desc
         self.args = self.args or args
         self.arg_types = self.arg_types or arg_types
-        self.has_kwargs = any([param.kind == param.VAR_KEYWORD for param in sig.parameters.values()])
+        self.has_kwargs = any(param.kind == param.VAR_KEYWORD for param in sig.parameters.values())
 
     def _validate_and_parse_args(self, **kwargs):
         # Validate the args value comply to the json schema.