LaTeX: long URLs may easily overflow in margin and be partially invisible

[jfbu]

Describe the bug

As shown in this image:

How to Reproduce

Use this in index.rst:

https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/827230/given-a-cayley-table-is-there-an-algorithm-to-determine-if-it-is-a-dihedral-gro/827273#827273

Please read this: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/827230/given-a-cayley-table-is-there-an-algorithm-to-determine-if-it-is-a-dihedral-gro/827273#827273

Please make sure you know this: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/827230/given-a-cayley-table-is-there-an-algorithm-to-determine-if-it-is-a-dihedral-gro/827273#827273

and make latexpdf.

Environment Information

Python version:        3.12.3 (v3.12.3:f6650f9ad7, Apr  9 2024, 08:18:48) [Clang 13.0.0 (clang-1300.0.29.30)])
Python implementation: CPython
Sphinx version:        8.1.0+/df871ab15
Docutils version:      0.20.1
Jinja2 version:        3.1.4
Pygments version:      2.18.0

Sphinx extensions

No response

Additional context

Originally reported this comment at sympy/sympy#26904