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Author: Manasi2001

Searching Algorithms/8_Puzzle_Problem_using_BFS.py

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+'''
+8 PUZZLE PROBLEM SOLVING USING BREADTH FIRST SEARCH
+
+An instance of the n-puzzle game consists of a board holding n^{2}-1 
+distinct movable tiles, plus an empty space. The tiles are numbers from 
+the set 1,..,n^{2}-1. For any such board, the empty space may be legally 
+swapped with any tile horizontally or vertically adjacent to it. In this 
+assignment, the blank space is going to be represented with the number 0. 
+Given an initial state of the board, the combinatorial search problem is 
+to find a sequence of moves that transitions this state to the goal state; 
+that is, the configuration with all tiles arranged in ascending order 
+0,1,..,n^{2}-1.
+
+So, this is the goal state that we want to reach:
+[1, 2, 3]
+[8, 0, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+The search space is the set of all possible states reachable from the 
+initial state. The blank space may be swapped with a component in one of 
+the four directions {‘Up’, ‘Down’, ‘Left’, ‘Right’}, one move at a time.
+
+Algorithm Review:
+The search begins by visiting the root node of the search tree, given by 
+the initial state. Among other book-keeping details, three major things 
+happen in sequence in order to visit a node:
+-First, we remove a node from the frontier set.
+-Second, we check the state against the goal state to determine if a 
+ solution has been found.
+-Finally, if the result of the check is negative, we then expand the node. 
+ To expand a given node, we generate successor nodes adjacent to the current 
+ node, and add them to the frontier set. Note that if these successor nodes 
+ are already in the frontier, or have already been visited, then they should 
+ not be added to the frontier again.
+
+'''
+
+# importing the necessary libraries
+from time import time
+from queue import Queue
+
+# creating a class Puzzle
+class Puzzle:
+    # setting the goal state of 8-puzzle 
+    goal_state=[1,2,3,8,0,4,7,6,5]
+    num_of_instances=0
+    # constructor to initialize the class members
+    def __init__(self,state,parent,action):
+        self.parent=parent
+        self.state=state
+        self.action=action
+        
+        # incrementing the number of instance by 1
+        Puzzle.num_of_instances+= 1
+   
+    # function used to display a state of 8-puzzle
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.state[0:3])+'\n'+str(self.state[3:6])+'\n'+str(self.state[6:9])
+
+    # method to compare the current state with the goal state
+    def goal_test(self):
+        # including a condition to compare the current state with the goal state
+        if Puzzle.goal_state == self.state:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+    
+    # static method to find the legal action based on the current board position
+    @staticmethod
+    def find_legal_actions(i,j):
+        legal_action = ['U', 'D', 'L', 'R']
+        if i == 0:  
+            # if row is 0 in board then up is disabled
+            legal_action.remove('U')
+        elif i == 2:  
+            # if row is 2 in board then down is disabled
+            legal_action.remove('D')
+        if j == 0: 
+            # if column is 0 in board then left is disabled
+            legal_action.remove('L')
+        elif j == 2:
+            # if column is 2 in board then right is disabled
+            legal_action.remove('R')
+        return legal_action
+
+    # method to generate the child of the current state of the board
+    def generate_child(self):
+        # creating an empty list
+        children=[]
+        x = self.state.index(0)
+        i = int(x / 3)
+        j = int(x % 3)
+        # calling the method to find the legal actions based on i and j values
+        legal_actions = self.find_legal_actions(i, j)
+
+        # iterating over all legal actions 
+        for action in legal_actions:
+            new_state = self.state.copy()
+            # if the legal action is UP
+            if action is 'U':
+                # swapping between current index of 0 with its up element on the board
+                new_state[x], new_state[x-3] = new_state[x-3], new_state[x]
+            elif action is 'D':
+                # swapping between current index of 0 with its down element on the board
+                new_state[x], new_state[x+3] = new_state[x+3], new_state[x]
+            elif action is 'L':
+                # swapping between the current index of 0 with its left element on the board
+                new_state[x], new_state[x-1] = new_state[x-1], new_state[x]
+            elif action is 'R':
+                # swapping between the current index of 0 with its right element on the board
+                new_state[x], new_state[x+1] = new_state[x+1], new_state[x]
+            children.append(Puzzle(new_state,self,action))
+        # returning the children
+        return children
+    # method to find the solution
+    def find_solution(self):
+        solution = []
+        all_states = []
+        solution.append(self.action)
+        all_states.append(self)
+        path = self
+        while path.parent != None:
+            path = path.parent
+            solution.append(path.action)
+            all_states.append(path)
+        solution = solution[:-1]
+        solution.reverse()
+        all_states.reverse()
+        
+        print("\nAll states: ")
+        for i in all_states:
+          print(i, "\n")
+        return solution
+    
+# method for breadth first search
+# passing the initial_state as parameter to the breadth_first_search method 
+def breadth_first_search(initial_state):
+    start_node = Puzzle(initial_state, None, None)
+    print("Initial state:")
+    print(start_node)
+    if start_node.goal_test():
+        return start_node.find_solution()
+    q = Queue()
+    # putting start_node into the Queue
+    q.put(start_node)
+    # creating an empty list of explored nodes
+    explored=[]
+    # iterating the queue until empty, using the empty() method of Queue
+    while not(q.empty()):
+        # getting the current node of a queue, using the get() method of Queue
+        node=q.get()
+        # append the state of node in the explored list as node.state
+        explored.append(node.state)
+        # calling the generate_child method to generate the child nodes of current node
+        children = node.generate_child()
+        # iterating over each child node in children
+        for child in children:
+            if child.state not in explored:
+                if child.goal_test():
+                    return child.find_solution()
+                q.put(child)
+    return
+
+# start executing the 8-puzzle with setting up the initial state
+# here we have considered 3 initial state intitalized using state variable
+state=[1, 3, 4,
+        8, 6, 2,
+        7, 0, 5]
+# initializing the num_of_instances to zero
+Puzzle.num_of_instances = 0
+# setting t0 to current time
+t0 = time()
+bfs = breadth_first_search(state)
+# getting the time t1 after executing the breadth_first_search method
+t1 = time() - t0
+print('BFS:', bfs)
+print('space:',Puzzle.num_of_instances)
+print('time:',t1)
+print()
+print('------------------------------------------')  
+
+'''
+Sample working:
+    
+Initial state:
+[1, 3, 4]
+[8, 6, 2]
+[7, 0, 5]
+
+All states: 
+[1, 3, 4]
+[8, 6, 2]
+[7, 0, 5] 
+
+[1, 3, 4]
+[8, 0, 2]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[1, 3, 4]
+[8, 2, 0]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[1, 3, 0]
+[8, 2, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[1, 0, 3]
+[8, 2, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[1, 2, 3]
+[8, 0, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+BFS: ['U', 'R', 'U', 'L', 'D']
+space: 66
+time: 0.0
+
+Initial state:
+[2, 8, 1]
+[0, 4, 3]
+[7, 6, 5]
+
+All states: 
+[2, 8, 1]
+[0, 4, 3]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[0, 8, 1]
+[2, 4, 3]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 0, 1]
+[2, 4, 3]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 1, 0]
+[2, 4, 3]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 1, 3]
+[2, 4, 0]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 1, 3]
+[2, 0, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 1, 3]
+[0, 2, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[0, 1, 3]
+[8, 2, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[1, 0, 3]
+[8, 2, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[1, 2, 3]
+[8, 0, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+BFS: ['U', 'R', 'R', 'D', 'L', 'L', 'U', 'R', 'D']
+space: 591
+time: 0.0030422210693359375
+
+Initial state:
+[2, 8, 1]
+[4, 6, 3]
+[0, 7, 5]
+
+All states: 
+[2, 8, 1]
+[4, 6, 3]
+[0, 7, 5] 
+
+[2, 8, 1]
+[4, 6, 3]
+[7, 0, 5] 
+
+[2, 8, 1]
+[4, 0, 3]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[2, 8, 1]
+[0, 4, 3]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[0, 8, 1]
+[2, 4, 3]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 0, 1]
+[2, 4, 3]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 1, 0]
+[2, 4, 3]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 1, 3]
+[2, 4, 0]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 1, 3]
+[2, 0, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[8, 1, 3]
+[0, 2, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[0, 1, 3]
+[8, 2, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[1, 0, 3]
+[8, 2, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+[1, 2, 3]
+[8, 0, 4]
+[7, 6, 5] 
+
+BFS: ['R', 'U', 'L', 'U', 'R', 'R', 'D', 'L', 'L', 'U', 'R', 'D']
+space: 2956
+time: 0.03542494773864746
+
+------------------------------------------
+
+'''