Auto merge of #35091 - eddyb:impl-trait, r=nikomatsakis

Implement `impl Trait` in return type position by anonymization.

This is the first step towards implementing `impl Trait` (cc #34511).
`impl Trait` types are only allowed in function and inherent method return types, and capture all named lifetime and type parameters, being invariant over them.
No lifetimes that are not explicitly named lifetime parameters are allowed to escape from the function body.
The exposed traits are only those listed explicitly, i.e. `Foo` and `Clone` in `impl Foo + Clone`, with the exception of "auto traits" (like `Send` or `Sync`) which "leak" the actual contents.

The implementation strategy is anonymization, i.e.:
```rust
fn foo<T>(xs: Vec<T>) -> impl Iterator<Item=impl FnOnce() -> T> {
    xs.into_iter().map(|x| || x)
}

// is represented as:
type A</*invariant over*/ T> where A<T>: Iterator<Item=B<T>>;
type B</*invariant over*/ T> where B<T>: FnOnce() -> T;
fn foo<T>(xs: Vec<T>) -> A<T> {
    xs.into_iter().map(|x| || x): $0 where $0: Iterator<Item=$1>, $1: FnOnce() -> T
}
```
`$0` and `$1` are resolved (to `iter::Map<vec::Iter<T>, closure>` and the closure, respectively) and assigned to `A` and `B`, after checking the body of `foo`. `A` and `B` are *never* resolved for user-facing type equality (typeck), but always for the low-level representation and specialization (trans).

The "auto traits" exception is implemented by collecting bounds like `impl Trait: Send` that have failed for the obscure `impl Trait` type (i.e. `A` or `B` above), pretending they succeeded within the function and trying them again after type-checking the whole crate, by replacing `impl Trait` with the real type.

While passing around values which have explicit lifetime parameters (of the function with `-> impl Trait`) in their type *should* work, regionck appears to assign inference variables in *way* too many cases, and never properly resolving them to either explicit lifetime parameters, or `'static`.
We might not be able to handle lifetime parameters in `impl Trait` without changes to lifetime inference, but type parameters can have arbitrary lifetimes in them from the caller, so most type-generic usecases (or not generic at all) should not run into this problem.

cc @rust-lang/lang

Author: bors

src/librustc/hir/fold.rs

@@ -375,6 +375,9 @@ pub fn noop_fold_ty<T: Folder>(t: P<Ty>, fld: &mut T) -> P<Ty> {
                 TyPolyTraitRef(bounds) => {
                     TyPolyTraitRef(bounds.move_map(|b| fld.fold_ty_param_bound(b)))
                 }
+                TyImplTrait(bounds) => {
+                    TyImplTrait(bounds.move_map(|b| fld.fold_ty_param_bound(b)))
+                }
             },
             span: fld.new_span(span),
         }

src/librustc/hir/intravisit.rs

@@ -427,6 +427,9 @@ pub fn walk_ty<'v, V: Visitor<'v>>(visitor: &mut V, typ: &'v Ty) {
         TyPolyTraitRef(ref bounds) => {
             walk_list!(visitor, visit_ty_param_bound, bounds);
         }
+        TyImplTrait(ref bounds) => {
+            walk_list!(visitor, visit_ty_param_bound, bounds);
+        }
         TyTypeof(ref expression) => {
             visitor.visit_expr(expression)
         }

src/librustc/hir/lowering.rs

@@ -293,8 +293,10 @@ impl<'a> LoweringContext<'a> {
                     hir::TyTypeof(self.lower_expr(expr))
                 }
                 PolyTraitRef(ref bounds) => {
-                    let bounds = bounds.iter().map(|b| self.lower_ty_param_bound(b)).collect();
-                    hir::TyPolyTraitRef(bounds)
+                    hir::TyPolyTraitRef(self.lower_bounds(bounds))
+                }
+                ImplTrait(ref bounds) => {
+                    hir::TyImplTrait(self.lower_bounds(bounds))
                 }
                 Mac(_) => panic!("TyMac should have been expanded by now."),
             },

src/librustc/hir/map/collector.rs

@@ -194,6 +194,14 @@ impl<'ast> Visitor<'ast> for NodeCollector<'ast> {
         });
     }
 
+    fn visit_ty(&mut self, ty: &'ast Ty) {
+        self.insert(ty.id, NodeTy(ty));
+
+        self.with_parent(ty.id, |this| {
+            intravisit::walk_ty(this, ty);
+        });
+    }
+
     fn visit_fn(&mut self, fk: intravisit::FnKind<'ast>, fd: &'ast FnDecl,
                 b: &'ast Block, s: Span, id: NodeId) {
         assert_eq!(self.parent_node, id);

src/librustc/hir/map/def_collector.rs

@@ -268,6 +268,9 @@ impl<'ast> visit::Visitor for DefCollector<'ast> {
         if let TyKind::FixedLengthVec(_, ref length) = ty.node {
             self.visit_ast_const_integer(length);
         }
+        if let TyKind::ImplTrait(..) = ty.node {
+            self.create_def(ty.id, DefPathData::ImplTrait);
+        }
         visit::walk_ty(self, ty);
     }
 
@@ -428,6 +431,9 @@ impl<'ast> intravisit::Visitor<'ast> for DefCollector<'ast> {
         if let hir::TyFixedLengthVec(_, ref length) = ty.node {
             self.visit_hir_const_integer(length);
         }
+        if let hir::TyImplTrait(..) = ty.node {
+            self.create_def(ty.id, DefPathData::ImplTrait);
+        }
         intravisit::walk_ty(self, ty);
     }
 

src/librustc/hir/map/definitions.rs

@@ -215,6 +215,8 @@ pub enum DefPathData {
     Initializer,
     /// Pattern binding
     Binding(InternedString),
+    /// An `impl Trait` type node.
+    ImplTrait
 }
 
 impl Definitions {
@@ -369,6 +371,10 @@ impl DefPathData {
             Initializer => {
                 InternedString::new("{{initializer}}")
             }
+
+            ImplTrait => {
+                InternedString::new("{{impl-Trait}}")
+            }
         }
     }
 

src/librustc/hir/map/mod.rs

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub enum Node<'ast> {
     NodeVariant(&'ast Variant),
     NodeExpr(&'ast Expr),
     NodeStmt(&'ast Stmt),
+    NodeTy(&'ast Ty),
     NodeLocal(&'ast Pat),
     NodePat(&'ast Pat),
     NodeBlock(&'ast Block),
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ pub enum MapEntry<'ast> {
     EntryVariant(NodeId, &'ast Variant),
     EntryExpr(NodeId, &'ast Expr),
     EntryStmt(NodeId, &'ast Stmt),
+    EntryTy(NodeId, &'ast Ty),
     EntryLocal(NodeId, &'ast Pat),
     EntryPat(NodeId, &'ast Pat),
     EntryBlock(NodeId, &'ast Block),
@@ -104,6 +106,7 @@ impl<'ast> MapEntry<'ast> {
             NodeVariant(n) => EntryVariant(p, n),
             NodeExpr(n) => EntryExpr(p, n),
             NodeStmt(n) => EntryStmt(p, n),
+            NodeTy(n) => EntryTy(p, n),
             NodeLocal(n) => EntryLocal(p, n),
             NodePat(n) => EntryPat(p, n),
             NodeBlock(n) => EntryBlock(p, n),
@@ -122,6 +125,7 @@ impl<'ast> MapEntry<'ast> {
             EntryVariant(id, _) => id,
             EntryExpr(id, _) => id,
             EntryStmt(id, _) => id,
+            EntryTy(id, _) => id,
             EntryLocal(id, _) => id,
             EntryPat(id, _) => id,
             EntryBlock(id, _) => id,
@@ -144,6 +148,7 @@ impl<'ast> MapEntry<'ast> {
             EntryVariant(_, n) => NodeVariant(n),
             EntryExpr(_, n) => NodeExpr(n),
             EntryStmt(_, n) => NodeStmt(n),
+            EntryTy(_, n) => NodeTy(n),
             EntryLocal(_, n) => NodeLocal(n),
             EntryPat(_, n) => NodePat(n),
             EntryBlock(_, n) => NodeBlock(n),
@@ -257,6 +262,7 @@ impl<'ast> Map<'ast> {
                     EntryVariant(p, _) |
                     EntryExpr(p, _) |
                     EntryStmt(p, _) |
+                EntryTy(p, _) |
                     EntryLocal(p, _) |
                     EntryPat(p, _) |
                     EntryBlock(p, _) |
@@ -297,6 +303,7 @@ impl<'ast> Map<'ast> {
                     EntryVariant(p, _) |
                     EntryExpr(p, _) |
                     EntryStmt(p, _) |
+                    EntryTy(p, _) |
                     EntryLocal(p, _) |
                     EntryPat(p, _) |
                     EntryBlock(p, _) |
@@ -680,6 +687,7 @@ impl<'ast> Map<'ast> {
             Some(NodeVariant(variant)) => variant.span,
             Some(NodeExpr(expr)) => expr.span,
             Some(NodeStmt(stmt)) => stmt.span,
+            Some(NodeTy(ty)) => ty.span,
             Some(NodeLocal(pat)) => pat.span,
             Some(NodePat(pat)) => pat.span,
             Some(NodeBlock(block)) => block.span,
@@ -971,6 +979,7 @@ impl<'a> NodePrinter for pprust::State<'a> {
             NodeVariant(a)     => self.print_variant(&a),
             NodeExpr(a)        => self.print_expr(&a),
             NodeStmt(a)        => self.print_stmt(&a),
+            NodeTy(a)          => self.print_type(&a),
             NodePat(a)         => self.print_pat(&a),
             NodeBlock(a)       => self.print_block(&a),
             NodeLifetime(a)    => self.print_lifetime(&a),
@@ -1059,6 +1068,9 @@ fn node_id_to_string(map: &Map, id: NodeId, include_id: bool) -> String {
         Some(NodeStmt(ref stmt)) => {
             format!("stmt {}{}", pprust::stmt_to_string(&stmt), id_str)
         }
+        Some(NodeTy(ref ty)) => {
+            format!("type {}{}", pprust::ty_to_string(&ty), id_str)
+        }
         Some(NodeLocal(ref pat)) => {
             format!("local {}{}", pprust::pat_to_string(&pat), id_str)
         }

src/librustc/hir/mod.rs

@@ -1132,6 +1132,8 @@ pub enum Ty_ {
     TyObjectSum(P<Ty>, TyParamBounds),
     /// A type like `for<'a> Foo<&'a Bar>`
     TyPolyTraitRef(TyParamBounds),
+    /// An `impl TraitA+TraitB` type.
+    TyImplTrait(TyParamBounds),
     /// Unused for now
     TyTypeof(P<Expr>),
     /// TyInfer means the type should be inferred instead of it having been

src/librustc/hir/print.rs

@@ -536,6 +536,9 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             hir::TyPolyTraitRef(ref bounds) => {
                 self.print_bounds("", &bounds[..])?;
             }
+            hir::TyImplTrait(ref bounds) => {
+                self.print_bounds("impl ", &bounds[..])?;
+            }
             hir::TyFixedLengthVec(ref ty, ref v) => {
                 word(&mut self.s, "[")?;
                 self.print_type(&ty)?;

src/librustc/infer/freshen.rs

@@ -170,7 +170,8 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'gcx, 'tcx> for TypeFreshener<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             ty::TyClosure(..) |
             ty::TyTuple(..) |
             ty::TyProjection(..) |
-            ty::TyParam(..) => {
+            ty::TyParam(..) |
+            ty::TyAnon(..) => {
                 t.super_fold_with(self)
             }
         }