add test for lattice specialization

Author: arielb1

src/test/ui/traits/reservation-impls/reservation-impl-non-lattice-ok.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// build-pass
+
+// Check that a reservation impl does not force other impls to follow
+// a lattice discipline.
+
+// Why did we ever want to do this?
+//
+// We want to eventually add a `impl<T> From<!> for T` impl. That impl conflicts
+// with existing impls - at least the `impl<T> From<T> for T` impl. There are
+// 2 ways we thought of for dealing with that conflict:
+//
+// 1. Using specialization and doing some handling for the overlap. The current
+// thought is for something like "lattice specialization", which means providing
+// an (higher-priority) impl for the intersection of every 2 conflicting impls
+// that determines what happens in the intersection case. That's the first
+// thing we thought about - see e.g.
+// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57012#issuecomment-452150775
+//
+// 2. The other way is to notice that `impl From<!> for T` is basically a marker
+// trait, as you say since its only method is uninhabited, and allow for "marker
+// trait overlap", where the conflict "doesn't matter" as there is nothing that
+// can cause a conflict.
+//
+// Now it turned out lattice specialization doesn't work it, because an
+// `impl<T> From<T> for Smaht<T>` would require a `impl From<!> for Smaht<!>`,
+// breaking backwards-compatibility in a fairly painful way. So if we want to
+// go with a known approach, we should go with a "marker trait overlap"-style
+// approach.
+
+#![feature(rustc_attrs, never_type)]
+
+trait MyTrait {}
+
+impl MyTrait for ! {}
+
+trait MyFrom<T> {
+    fn my_from(x: T) -> Self;
+}
+
+// Given the "normal" impls for From
+#[rustc_reservation_impl="this impl is reserved"]
+impl<T> MyFrom<!> for T {
+    fn my_from(x: !) -> Self { match x {} }
+}
+
+impl<T> MyFrom<T> for T {
+    fn my_from(x: T) -> Self { x }
+}
+
+// ... we *do* want to allow this common pattern, of `From<!> for MySmaht<T>`
+struct MySmaht<T>(T);
+impl<T> MyFrom<T> for MySmaht<T> {
+    fn my_from(x: T) -> Self { MySmaht(x) }
+}
+
+fn main() {}