Rollup merge of #122875 - maurer:cfi-transparent-termination, r=workingjubilee

CFI: Support self_cell-like recursion

Current `transform_ty` attempts to avoid cycles when normalizing `#[repr(transparent)]` types to their interior, but runs afoul of this pattern used in `self_cell`:

```
struct X<T> {
  x: u8,
  p: PhantomData<T>,
}

 #[repr(transparent)]
struct Y(X<Y>);
```

When attempting to normalize Y, it will still cycle indefinitely. By using a types-visited list, this will instead get expanded exactly one layer deep to X<Y>, and then stop, not attempting to normalize `Y` any further.

This PR was split off from #121962 as part of fixing the larger vtable compatibility issues.

r? ``````@workingjubilee``````

Author: workingjubilee