diff --git a/.github/workflows/primer-test.yaml b/.github/workflows/primer-test.yaml
index dc3c0942ac..8f7de5a0cf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/primer-test.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/primer-test.yaml
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 5
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
     outputs:
       python-key: ${{ steps.generate-python-key.outputs.key }}
     steps:
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: prepare-tests-linux
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
         uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/primer_run_main.yaml b/.github/workflows/primer_run_main.yaml
index 2d37943e8d..ccaf207d96 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/primer_run_main.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/primer_run_main.yaml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 45
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.13"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.13"]
         batches: [4]
         batchIdx: [0, 1, 2, 3]
     steps:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/primer_run_pr.yaml b/.github/workflows/primer_run_pr.yaml
index f2bd5b563f..0e0eafd26f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/primer_run_pr.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/primer_run_pr.yaml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 45
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.13"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.13"]
         batches: [4]
         batchIdx: [0, 1, 2, 3]
     steps:
@@ -217,7 +217,8 @@ jobs:
           echo ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }} | tee pr_number.txt
       - name: Upload PR number
         if:
-          startsWith(steps.python.outputs.python-version, '3.9') && matrix.batchIdx == 0
+          startsWith(steps.python.outputs.python-version, '3.10') && matrix.batchIdx ==
+          0
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4.6.2
         with:
           name: pr_number
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yaml b/.github/workflows/tests.yaml
index 43ea67586a..c99707fa26 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yaml
@@ -31,12 +31,10 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest]
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
         include:
           - os: macos-latest
-            python-version: "3.9"
-          - os: ubuntu-latest
-            python-version: "pypy-3.9"
+            python-version: "3.10"
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             python-version: "pypy-3.10"
           - os: ubuntu-latest
@@ -190,7 +188,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
     steps:
       - name: Set temp directory
         run: echo "TEMP=$env:USERPROFILE\AppData\Local\Temp" >> $env:GITHUB_ENV
diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index 76134f428c..a4f22ef58d 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ What is Pylint?
 ---------------
 
 Pylint is a `static code analyser`_ for Python 2 or 3. The latest version supports Python
-3.9.0 and above.
+3.10.0 and above.
 
 .. _`static code analyser`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_code_analysis
 
diff --git a/doc/whatsnew/fragments/10405.other b/doc/whatsnew/fragments/10405.other
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0bdaa73042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/whatsnew/fragments/10405.other
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Remove support for launching pylint with Python 3.9.
+Code that supports Python 3.9 can still be linted with the ``--py-version=3.9`` setting.
+
+Refs #10405
diff --git a/pylint/checkers/base/basic_checker.py b/pylint/checkers/base/basic_checker.py
index 56400cbead..68cf2c4327 100644
--- a/pylint/checkers/base/basic_checker.py
+++ b/pylint/checkers/base/basic_checker.py
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ def visit_with(self, node: nodes.With) -> None:
         # to one AST "With" node with multiple items
         pairs = node.items
         if pairs:
-            for prev_pair, pair in zip(pairs, pairs[1:]):
+            for prev_pair, pair in itertools.pairwise(pairs):
                 if isinstance(prev_pair[1], nodes.AssignName) and (
                     pair[1] is None and not isinstance(pair[0], nodes.Call)
                 ):
diff --git a/pylint/checkers/classes/class_checker.py b/pylint/checkers/classes/class_checker.py
index b493a1ba73..133ab16584 100644
--- a/pylint/checkers/classes/class_checker.py
+++ b/pylint/checkers/classes/class_checker.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 from functools import cached_property
 from itertools import chain, zip_longest
 from re import Pattern
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NamedTuple, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NamedTuple, TypeAlias
 
 import astroid
 from astroid import bases, nodes, util
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
     from pylint.lint.pylinter import PyLinter
 
 
-_AccessNodes = Union[nodes.Attribute, nodes.AssignAttr]
+_AccessNodes: TypeAlias = nodes.Attribute | nodes.AssignAttr
 
 INVALID_BASE_CLASSES = {"bool", "range", "slice", "memoryview"}
 ALLOWED_PROPERTIES = {"bultins.property", "functools.cached_property"}
diff --git a/pylint/checkers/imports.py b/pylint/checkers/imports.py
index fa63ea9dfb..83435efabd 100644
--- a/pylint/checkers/imports.py
+++ b/pylint/checkers/imports.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import ItemsView, Sequence
 from functools import cached_property
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import astroid
 from astroid import nodes
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 
 # The dictionary with Any should actually be a _ImportTree again
 # but mypy doesn't support recursive types yet
-_ImportTree = dict[str, Union[list[dict[str, Any]], list[str]]]
+_ImportTree = dict[str, list[dict[str, Any]] | list[str]]
 
 DEPRECATED_MODULES = {
     (0, 0, 0): {"tkinter.tix", "fpectl"},
diff --git a/pylint/checkers/refactoring/refactoring_checker.py b/pylint/checkers/refactoring/refactoring_checker.py
index 08e5c3491f..e277da9dc1 100644
--- a/pylint/checkers/refactoring/refactoring_checker.py
+++ b/pylint/checkers/refactoring/refactoring_checker.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Iterator
 from functools import cached_property, reduce
 from re import Pattern
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NamedTuple, Union, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NamedTuple, TypeAlias, cast
 
 import astroid
 from astroid import bases, nodes
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
     from pylint.lint import PyLinter
 
 
-NodesWithNestedBlocks = Union[nodes.Try, nodes.While, nodes.For, nodes.If]
+NodesWithNestedBlocks: TypeAlias = nodes.Try | nodes.While | nodes.For | nodes.If
 
 KNOWN_INFINITE_ITERATORS = {"itertools.count", "itertools.cycle"}
 BUILTIN_EXIT_FUNCS = frozenset(("quit", "exit"))
diff --git a/pylint/checkers/symilar.py b/pylint/checkers/symilar.py
index 21d22529d6..5b3ff046c3 100644
--- a/pylint/checkers/symilar.py
+++ b/pylint/checkers/symilar.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Sequence
 from io import BufferedIOBase, BufferedReader, BytesIO
 from itertools import chain
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NamedTuple, NewType, NoReturn, TextIO, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NamedTuple, NewType, NoReturn, TextIO, TypeAlias
 
 import astroid
 from astroid import nodes
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class LineSpecifs(NamedTuple):
 IndexToLines_T = dict[Index, "SuccessiveLinesLimits"]
 
 # The types the streams read by pylint can take. Originating from astroid.nodes.Module.stream() and open()
-STREAM_TYPES = Union[TextIO, BufferedReader, BytesIO]
+STREAM_TYPES: TypeAlias = TextIO | BufferedReader | BytesIO
 
 
 class CplSuccessiveLinesLimits:
diff --git a/pylint/checkers/typecheck.py b/pylint/checkers/typecheck.py
index 7953e640b4..e9c5e0140a 100644
--- a/pylint/checkers/typecheck.py
+++ b/pylint/checkers/typecheck.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 from functools import cached_property, lru_cache, singledispatch
 from re import Pattern
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, TypeAlias
 
 import astroid
 import astroid.exceptions
@@ -49,20 +49,19 @@
     supports_membership_test,
     supports_setitem,
 )
-from pylint.constants import PY310_PLUS
 from pylint.interfaces import HIGH, INFERENCE
 from pylint.typing import MessageDefinitionTuple
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from pylint.lint import PyLinter
 
-CallableObjects = Union[
-    bases.BoundMethod,
-    bases.UnboundMethod,
-    nodes.FunctionDef,
-    nodes.Lambda,
-    nodes.ClassDef,
-]
+CallableObjects: TypeAlias = (
+    bases.BoundMethod
+    | bases.UnboundMethod
+    | nodes.FunctionDef
+    | nodes.Lambda
+    | nodes.ClassDef
+)
 
 STR_FORMAT = {"builtins.str.format"}
 ASYNCIO_COROUTINE = "asyncio.coroutines.coroutine"
@@ -796,7 +795,7 @@ def _is_c_extension(module_node: InferenceResult) -> bool:
 
 def _is_invalid_isinstance_type(arg: nodes.NodeNG) -> bool:
     # Return True if we are sure that arg is not a type
-    if PY310_PLUS and isinstance(arg, nodes.BinOp) and arg.op == "|":
+    if isinstance(arg, nodes.BinOp) and arg.op == "|":
         return any(
             _is_invalid_isinstance_type(elt) and not is_none(elt)
             for elt in (arg.left, arg.right)
@@ -811,7 +810,7 @@ def _is_invalid_isinstance_type(arg: nodes.NodeNG) -> bool:
         return False
     if isinstance(inferred, astroid.Instance) and inferred.qname() == BUILTIN_TUPLE:
         return False
-    if PY310_PLUS and isinstance(inferred, bases.UnionType):
+    if isinstance(inferred, bases.UnionType):
         return any(
             _is_invalid_isinstance_type(elt) and not is_none(elt)
             for elt in (inferred.left, inferred.right)
diff --git a/pylint/config/_pylint_config/utils.py b/pylint/config/_pylint_config/utils.py
index 7ed8b83843..54b199394a 100644
--- a/pylint/config/_pylint_config/utils.py
+++ b/pylint/config/_pylint_config/utils.py
@@ -9,12 +9,7 @@
 import sys
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Literal, TypeVar
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-    from typing import ParamSpec
-else:
-    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+from typing import Literal, ParamSpec, TypeVar
 
 _P = ParamSpec("_P")
 _ReturnValueT = TypeVar("_ReturnValueT", bool, str)
diff --git a/pylint/config/argument.py b/pylint/config/argument.py
index a515a942b4..a604d978aa 100644
--- a/pylint/config/argument.py
+++ b/pylint/config/argument.py
@@ -16,23 +16,23 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 from glob import glob
 from re import Pattern
-from typing import Any, Literal, Union
+from typing import Any, Literal
 
 from pylint import interfaces
 from pylint import utils as pylint_utils
 from pylint.config.callback_actions import _CallbackAction
 from pylint.config.deprecation_actions import _NewNamesAction, _OldNamesAction
 
-_ArgumentTypes = Union[
-    str,
-    int,
-    float,
-    bool,
-    Pattern[str],
-    Sequence[str],
-    Sequence[Pattern[str]],
-    tuple[int, ...],
-]
+_ArgumentTypes = (
+    str
+    | int
+    | float
+    | bool
+    | Pattern[str]
+    | Sequence[str]
+    | Sequence[Pattern[str]]
+    | tuple[int, ...]
+)
 """List of possible argument types."""
 
 
diff --git a/pylint/constants.py b/pylint/constants.py
index 6911393d37..a5285d1bed 100644
--- a/pylint/constants.py
+++ b/pylint/constants.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 from pylint.__pkginfo__ import __version__
 from pylint.typing import MessageTypesFullName
 
-PY310_PLUS = sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 10)
 PY311_PLUS = sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 11)
 PY312_PLUS = sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 12)
 PY314_PLUS = sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 14)
diff --git a/pylint/extensions/code_style.py b/pylint/extensions/code_style.py
index a8c44ec5ed..d187cd7c5c 100644
--- a/pylint/extensions/code_style.py
+++ b/pylint/extensions/code_style.py
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import sys
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, TypeGuard, cast
 
 from astroid import nodes
 
@@ -16,11 +15,6 @@
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from pylint.lint import PyLinter
 
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-    from typing import TypeGuard
-else:
-    from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
-
 
 class CodeStyleChecker(BaseChecker):
     """Checkers that can improve code consistency.
diff --git a/pylint/extensions/mccabe.py b/pylint/extensions/mccabe.py
index 9489f24d6c..45bd35cee6 100644
--- a/pylint/extensions/mccabe.py
+++ b/pylint/extensions/mccabe.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeAlias, TypeVar
 
 from astroid import nodes
 from mccabe import PathGraph as Mccabe_PathGraph
@@ -20,28 +20,28 @@
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from pylint.lint import PyLinter
 
-_StatementNodes = Union[
-    nodes.Assert,
-    nodes.Assign,
-    nodes.AugAssign,
-    nodes.Delete,
-    nodes.Raise,
-    nodes.Yield,
-    nodes.Import,
-    nodes.Call,
-    nodes.Subscript,
-    nodes.Pass,
-    nodes.Continue,
-    nodes.Break,
-    nodes.Global,
-    nodes.Return,
-    nodes.Expr,
-    nodes.Await,
-]
-
-_SubGraphNodes = Union[nodes.If, nodes.Try, nodes.For, nodes.While]
+_StatementNodes: TypeAlias = (
+    nodes.Assert
+    | nodes.Assign
+    | nodes.AugAssign
+    | nodes.Delete
+    | nodes.Raise
+    | nodes.Yield
+    | nodes.Import
+    | nodes.Call
+    | nodes.Subscript
+    | nodes.Pass
+    | nodes.Continue
+    | nodes.Break
+    | nodes.Global
+    | nodes.Return
+    | nodes.Expr
+    | nodes.Await
+)
+
+_SubGraphNodes: TypeAlias = nodes.If | nodes.Try | nodes.For | nodes.While
 _AppendableNodeT = TypeVar(
-    "_AppendableNodeT", bound=Union[_StatementNodes, nodes.While, nodes.FunctionDef]
+    "_AppendableNodeT", bound=_StatementNodes | nodes.While | nodes.FunctionDef
 )
 
 
diff --git a/pylint/pyreverse/inspector.py b/pylint/pyreverse/inspector.py
index 8e69e94470..aff15909ac 100644
--- a/pylint/pyreverse/inspector.py
+++ b/pylint/pyreverse/inspector.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 import traceback
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
-from typing import Optional
 
 import astroid
 from astroid import nodes
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@
 from pylint.pyreverse import utils
 
 _WrapperFuncT = Callable[
-    [Callable[[str], nodes.Module], str, bool], Optional[nodes.Module]
+    [Callable[[str], nodes.Module], str, bool], nodes.Module | None
 ]
 
 
diff --git a/pylint/pyreverse/utils.py b/pylint/pyreverse/utils.py
index 5ad92d3231..4ec4052353 100644
--- a/pylint/pyreverse/utils.py
+++ b/pylint/pyreverse/utils.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import astroid
 from astroid import nodes
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 
     _CallbackT = Callable[
         [nodes.NodeNG],
-        Union[tuple[ClassDiagram], tuple[PackageDiagram, ClassDiagram], None],
+        tuple[ClassDiagram] | tuple[PackageDiagram, ClassDiagram] | None,
     ]
-    _CallbackTupleT = tuple[Optional[_CallbackT], Optional[_CallbackT]]
+    _CallbackTupleT = tuple[_CallbackT | None, _CallbackT | None]
 
 
 RCFILE = ".pyreverserc"
diff --git a/pylint/reporters/json_reporter.py b/pylint/reporters/json_reporter.py
index 7135dfc66c..d5f847cd9b 100644
--- a/pylint/reporters/json_reporter.py
+++ b/pylint/reporters/json_reporter.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, TypedDict
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, TypedDict
 
 from pylint.interfaces import CONFIDENCE_MAP, UNDEFINED
 from pylint.message import Message
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
         "obj": str,
         "line": int,
         "column": int,
-        "endLine": Optional[int],
-        "endColumn": Optional[int],
+        "endLine": int | None,
+        "endColumn": int | None,
         "path": str,
         "symbol": str,
         "message": str,
diff --git a/pylint/testutils/configuration_test.py b/pylint/testutils/configuration_test.py
index ce2239e5c2..93a812659a 100644
--- a/pylint/testutils/configuration_test.py
+++ b/pylint/testutils/configuration_test.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import copy
 import json
 import logging
-import unittest
+import unittest.mock
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
diff --git a/pylint/typing.py b/pylint/typing.py
index a43674d249..5c59120324 100644
--- a/pylint/typing.py
+++ b/pylint/typing.py
@@ -7,19 +7,16 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
-from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from re import Pattern
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    Callable,
     Literal,
     NamedTuple,
-    Optional,
     Protocol,
     TypedDict,
-    Union,
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -95,22 +92,20 @@ class ManagedMessage(NamedTuple):
 
 OptionDict = dict[
     str,
-    Union[
-        None,
-        str,
-        bool,
-        int,
-        Pattern[str],
-        Iterable[Union[str, int, Pattern[str]]],
-        type["_CallbackAction"],
-        Callable[[Any], Any],
-        Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], Any],
-    ],
+    None
+    | str
+    | bool
+    | int
+    | Pattern[str]
+    | Iterable[str | int | Pattern[str]]
+    | type["_CallbackAction"]
+    | Callable[[Any], Any]
+    | Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], Any],
 ]
 Options = tuple[tuple[str, OptionDict], ...]
 
 
-ReportsCallable = Callable[["Section", "LinterStats", Optional["LinterStats"]], None]
+ReportsCallable = Callable[["Section", "LinterStats", "LinterStats | None"], None]
 """Callable to create a report."""
 
 
@@ -125,10 +120,9 @@ class ExtraMessageOptions(TypedDict, total=False):
     default_enabled: bool
 
 
-MessageDefinitionTuple = Union[
-    tuple[str, str, str],
-    tuple[str, str, str, ExtraMessageOptions],
-]
+MessageDefinitionTuple = (
+    tuple[str, str, str] | tuple[str, str, str, ExtraMessageOptions]
+)
 DirectoryNamespaceDict = dict[Path, tuple[argparse.Namespace, "DirectoryNamespaceDict"]]
 
 
diff --git a/pylint/utils/utils.py b/pylint/utils/utils.py
index 341a4aec6d..b32908307e 100644
--- a/pylint/utils/utils.py
+++ b/pylint/utils/utils.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
 from io import BufferedReader, BytesIO
 from re import Pattern
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, TextIO, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, TextIO, TypeVar
 
 from astroid import Module, modutils, nodes
 
@@ -54,14 +54,14 @@
 ]
 GLOBAL_OPTION_PATTERN_LIST = Literal["exclude-too-few-public-methods", "ignore-paths"]
 GLOBAL_OPTION_TUPLE_INT = Literal["py-version"]
-GLOBAL_OPTION_NAMES = Union[
-    GLOBAL_OPTION_BOOL,
-    GLOBAL_OPTION_INT,
-    GLOBAL_OPTION_LIST,
-    GLOBAL_OPTION_PATTERN,
-    GLOBAL_OPTION_PATTERN_LIST,
-    GLOBAL_OPTION_TUPLE_INT,
-]
+GLOBAL_OPTION_NAMES = (
+    GLOBAL_OPTION_BOOL
+    | GLOBAL_OPTION_INT
+    | GLOBAL_OPTION_LIST
+    | GLOBAL_OPTION_PATTERN
+    | GLOBAL_OPTION_PATTERN_LIST
+    | GLOBAL_OPTION_TUPLE_INT
+)
 T_GlobalOptionReturnTypes = TypeVar(
     "T_GlobalOptionReturnTypes",
     bool,
diff --git a/pylintrc b/pylintrc
index 6ccfa56650..fe653a092c 100644
--- a/pylintrc
+++ b/pylintrc
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ unsafe-load-any-extension=no
 extension-pkg-allow-list=
 
 # Minimum supported python version
-py-version = 3.9.0
+py-version = 3.10.0
 
 # Control the amount of potential inferred values when inferring a single
 # object. This can help the performance when dealing with large functions or
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 3b2a60f906..641981ecde 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ license-files = [ "LICENSE", "CONTRIBUTORS.txt" ]
 authors = [
   { name = "Python Code Quality Authority", email = "code-quality@python.org" },
 ]
-requires-python = ">=3.9.0"
+requires-python = ">=3.10.0"
 classifiers = [
   "Development Status :: 6 - Mature",
   "Environment :: Console",
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ classifiers = [
   "Operating System :: OS Independent",
   "Programming Language :: Python",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
-  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
@@ -137,6 +136,7 @@ lint.ignore = [
   "PTH207", # Replace `glob` with `Path.glob` or `Path.rglob`
   "PTH208", # Use `pathlib.Path.iterdir()` instead"
   "RUF012", # mutable default values in class attributes
+  "UP038",  # Use `X | Y` in `isinstance` call instead of `(X, Y)`
 ]
 lint.pydocstyle.convention = "pep257"
 
diff --git a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax.rc b/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax.rc
index b8ab9047ad..d36622d880 100644
--- a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax.rc
@@ -1,5 +1,2 @@
 [main]
 py-version=3.10
-
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.py b/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.py
index 5730e2e503..b424e5bde9 100644
--- a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.py
+++ b/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 lst = [typing.Dict[str, int] | None,]  # [unsupported-binary-operation]
 
 var1: typing.Dict[str, int | None]  # [unsupported-binary-operation]
-var2: int | str | None  # [unsupported-binary-operation, unsupported-binary-operation]
+# var2: int | str | None  # false-negative: unsupported-binary-operation, unsupported-binary-operation
 var3: int | typing.List[str | int]  # [unsupported-binary-operation]
 var4: typing.Dict[typing.Tuple[int, int] | int, None]  # [unsupported-binary-operation]
 
diff --git a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.rc b/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.rc
index 5dc39b1a65..6f046622fa 100644
--- a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.rc
@@ -1,5 +1,2 @@
 [main]
 py-version=3.8
-
-[testoptions]
-max_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.txt b/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.txt
index 6f4c19a4e4..8bc7dcd533 100644
--- a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.txt
+++ b/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_error.txt
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 unsupported-binary-operation:22:8:22:30::unsupported operand type(s) for |:INFERENCE
 unsupported-binary-operation:23:7:23:35::unsupported operand type(s) for |:INFERENCE
 unsupported-binary-operation:25:23:25:33::unsupported operand type(s) for |:INFERENCE
-unsupported-binary-operation:26:6:26:22::unsupported operand type(s) for |:INFERENCE
-unsupported-binary-operation:26:6:26:15::unsupported operand type(s) for |:INFERENCE
 unsupported-binary-operation:27:6:27:34::unsupported operand type(s) for |:INFERENCE
 unsupported-binary-operation:28:18:28:46::unsupported operand type(s) for |:INFERENCE
 unsupported-binary-operation:31:23:31:32::unsupported operand type(s) for |:INFERENCE
diff --git a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_regession_8119.rc b/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_regession_8119.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/a/alternative/alternative_union_syntax_regession_8119.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/dataclass/dataclass_kw_only.rc b/tests/functional/d/dataclass/dataclass_kw_only.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/d/dataclass/dataclass_kw_only.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/dataclass/dataclass_parameter.rc b/tests/functional/d/dataclass/dataclass_parameter.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/d/dataclass/dataclass_parameter.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.py b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.py
index 470e467baa..13c89a7749 100644
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.py
+++ b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.py
@@ -4,8 +4,3 @@
 from collections import Iterable  # [deprecated-class]
 
 import collections.Set  # [deprecated-class]
-
-import collections
-
-
-_ = collections.Awaitable()  # [deprecated-class]
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.rc b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.rc
index 4e2b748313..be3adcd6a9 100644
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.rc
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-[testoptions]
-max_pyver=3.10
+[main]
+py-version=3.3
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.txt b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.txt
index ea1f8146ee..987c945dd1 100644
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.txt
+++ b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_class_py33.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 deprecated-class:4:0:4:32::Using deprecated class Iterable of module collections:UNDEFINED
 deprecated-class:6:0:6:22::Using deprecated class Set of module collections:UNDEFINED
-deprecated-class:11:4:11:27::Using deprecated class Awaitable of module collections:UNDEFINED
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_methods_py39.py b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_methods_py39.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9959b1c2a2..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_methods_py39.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-"""Test deprecated methods from Python 3.9."""
-
-import binascii
-binascii.b2a_hqx() # [deprecated-method]
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_methods_py39.rc b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_methods_py39.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e2b748313..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_methods_py39.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-max_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_methods_py39.txt b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_methods_py39.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 292ca5ef16..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_methods_py39.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-deprecated-method:4:0:4:18::Using deprecated method b2a_hqx():UNDEFINED
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39.py b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39.py
index a897dd4e33..8f5827cefc 100644
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39.py
+++ b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 """Test deprecated modules from Python 3.9."""
-# pylint: disable=unused-import
+# pylint: disable=unused-import, import-error
 
 import binhex  # [deprecated-module]
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39.rc b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39.rc
index 4e2b748313..77b418f759 100644
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39.rc
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-[testoptions]
-max_pyver=3.10
+[main]
+py-version=3.9
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39_earlier_pyversion.py b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39_earlier_pyversion.py
index c1c2f17883..dc3d83558d 100644
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39_earlier_pyversion.py
+++ b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39_earlier_pyversion.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Test deprecated modules from Python 3.9,
 but use an earlier --py-version and ensure a warning is still emitted.
 """
-# pylint: disable=unused-import
+# pylint: disable=unused-import, import-error
 
 import binhex  # [deprecated-module]
diff --git a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39_earlier_pyversion.rc b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39_earlier_pyversion.rc
index 5dc39b1a65..6f046622fa 100644
--- a/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39_earlier_pyversion.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/d/deprecated/deprecated_module_py39_earlier_pyversion.rc
@@ -1,5 +1,2 @@
 [main]
 py-version=3.8
-
-[testoptions]
-max_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/ext/typing/redundant_typehint_argument_py310.rc b/tests/functional/ext/typing/redundant_typehint_argument_py310.rc
index 3c06fa4330..63e11a4e6b 100644
--- a/tests/functional/ext/typing/redundant_typehint_argument_py310.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/ext/typing/redundant_typehint_argument_py310.rc
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 [main]
 py-version=3.10
 load-plugins=pylint.extensions.typing
-
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/ext/typing/typing_consider_using_union_py310.rc b/tests/functional/ext/typing/typing_consider_using_union_py310.rc
index a35db15773..55c07d76e4 100644
--- a/tests/functional/ext/typing/typing_consider_using_union_py310.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/ext/typing/typing_consider_using_union_py310.rc
@@ -2,7 +2,4 @@
 py-version=3.10
 load-plugins=pylint.extensions.typing
 
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
-
 [typing]
diff --git a/tests/functional/i/isinstance_second_argument_py310.rc b/tests/functional/i/isinstance_second_argument_py310.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/i/isinstance_second_argument_py310.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/i/iterable_context_asyncio.rc b/tests/functional/i/iterable_context_asyncio.rc
index 4e2b748313..092b342ea6 100644
--- a/tests/functional/i/iterable_context_asyncio.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/i/iterable_context_asyncio.rc
@@ -1,2 +1,5 @@
+[main]
+py-version=3.9
+
 [testoptions]
-max_pyver=3.10
+max_pyver=3.11
diff --git a/tests/functional/p/pattern_matching.rc b/tests/functional/p/pattern_matching.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/p/pattern_matching.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.py b/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.py
index 3dc60cf9c0..e44a40a253 100644
--- a/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.py
+++ b/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 class User:
     name: str = attrib()
     age: int = attrib()
-    occupation = Optional[str] = attrib(default=None)  # [unsupported-assignment-operation]
+    occupation = Optional[str] = attrib(default=None)
diff --git a/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.rc b/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.rc
index 4e2b748313..77b418f759 100644
--- a/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.rc
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-[testoptions]
-max_pyver=3.10
+[main]
+py-version=3.9
diff --git a/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.txt b/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 6db65057f7..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/r/regression/regression_4439.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-unsupported-assignment-operation:17:17:17:25:User:'Optional' does not support item assignment:UNDEFINED
diff --git a/tests/functional/s/super/super_init_not_called_extensions_py310.rc b/tests/functional/s/super/super_init_not_called_extensions_py310.rc
index 3ab4e08e91..e73859088c 100644
--- a/tests/functional/s/super/super_init_not_called_extensions_py310.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/s/super/super_init_not_called_extensions_py310.rc
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 [testoptions]
 # Windows test environments on >= 3.10 don't have typing_extensions
 exclude_platforms=win32
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/t/type/typealias_naming_style_default.rc b/tests/functional/t/type/typealias_naming_style_default.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/t/type/typealias_naming_style_default.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/t/type/typealias_naming_style_rgx.rc b/tests/functional/t/type/typealias_naming_style_rgx.rc
index 2521a50b36..508ef15b7d 100644
--- a/tests/functional/t/type/typealias_naming_style_rgx.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/t/type/typealias_naming_style_rgx.rc
@@ -1,5 +1,2 @@
 [BASIC]
 typealias-rgx=_{0,2}TypeAliasShouldBeLikeThis
-
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/u/unpacking/unpacking_non_sequence_py310.rc b/tests/functional/u/unpacking/unpacking_non_sequence_py310.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/u/unpacking/unpacking_non_sequence_py310.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/u/unused/unused_name_in_string_literal_type_annotation_py310.rc b/tests/functional/u/unused/unused_name_in_string_literal_type_annotation_py310.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/u/unused/unused_name_in_string_literal_type_annotation_py310.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/u/used/used_before_assignment_py310.rc b/tests/functional/u/used/used_before_assignment_py310.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/u/used/used_before_assignment_py310.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation.rc b/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a8c8ef15..0000000000
--- a/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[testoptions]
-min_pyver=3.10
diff --git a/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.py b/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.py
index 1c3c4e3803..dcc542606a 100644
--- a/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.py
+++ b/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 try:
     1/0
-except (ValueError | TypeError): # [wrong-exception-operation]
+except (ValueError | TypeError): # [wrong-exception-operation, catching-non-exception]
     pass
 
 try:
diff --git a/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.rc b/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.rc
index 4e2b748313..77b418f759 100644
--- a/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.rc
+++ b/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.rc
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-[testoptions]
-max_pyver=3.10
+[main]
+py-version=3.9
diff --git a/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.txt b/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.txt
index c92fcc2a2b..dc3c213462 100644
--- a/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.txt
+++ b/tests/functional/w/wrong_exception_operation_py37.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+catching-non-exception:6:8:6:30::"Catching an exception which doesn't inherit from Exception: ValueError | TypeError":UNDEFINED
 wrong-exception-operation:6:8:6:30::Invalid exception operation. Did you mean '(ValueError, TypeError)' instead?:UNDEFINED
 wrong-exception-operation:11:8:11:30::Invalid exception operation. Did you mean '(ValueError, TypeError)' instead?:UNDEFINED
 wrong-exception-operation:17:8:17:30::Invalid exception operation. Did you mean '(ValueError, TypeError)' instead?:UNDEFINED
diff --git a/tests/primer/packages_to_prime.json b/tests/primer/packages_to_prime.json
index a0d1b38c0c..8e76cf37ed 100644
--- a/tests/primer/packages_to_prime.json
+++ b/tests/primer/packages_to_prime.json
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
     "branch": "master",
     "directories": ["music21"],
     "pylintrc_relpath": ".pylintrc",
-    "minimum_python": "3.10",
     "url": "https://github.com/cuthbertLab/music21"
   },
   "pandas": {
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index b5730ea9e3..a77a63ab23 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [tox]
 minversion = 3.0
-envlist = formatting, py39, py310, py311, py312, py313, pypy, benchmark
+envlist = formatting, py310, py311, py312, py313, pypy, benchmark
 skip_missing_interpreters = true
 requires = pip >=21.3.1
 isolated_build = true