diff --git a/Mathlib.lean b/Mathlib.lean
index 4bd065511461a8..47cbf6107a7a1c 100644
--- a/Mathlib.lean
+++ b/Mathlib.lean
@@ -2939,6 +2939,7 @@ import Mathlib.Combinatorics.Enumerative.DyckWord
 import Mathlib.Combinatorics.Enumerative.IncidenceAlgebra
 import Mathlib.Combinatorics.Enumerative.InclusionExclusion
 import Mathlib.Combinatorics.Enumerative.Partition
+import Mathlib.Combinatorics.Enumerative.Polya
 import Mathlib.Combinatorics.Enumerative.Stirling
 import Mathlib.Combinatorics.Extremal.RuzsaSzemeredi
 import Mathlib.Combinatorics.Graph.Basic
diff --git a/Mathlib/Combinatorics/Enumerative/polya.lean b/Mathlib/Combinatorics/Enumerative/polya.lean
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9f827941f4548d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mathlib/Combinatorics/Enumerative/polya.lean
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/-
+Copyright (c) 2025 Beibei Xiong. All rights reserved.
+Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
+Authors: Zihui Bai Zhengfeng Yang
+-/
+
+import Mathlib.Data.Fintype.Basic
+import Mathlib.GroupTheory.GroupAction.Basic
+import Mathlib.GroupTheory.Perm.Basic
+import Mathlib.GroupTheory.Index
+
+/-!
+## Main definitions and results
+
+* `MulAction (Equiv.Perm X) (X → Y)`: action of permutations on colorings by precomposition.
+* `coloringEquiv`: two colorings are equivalent if they lie in the same orbit.
+* `coloringEquiv_equivalence`: this defines an equivalence relation.
+* `orbit_size_eq_index`: the orbit–stabilizer theorem reformulated for colorings.
+
+## Implementation notes
+
+We model a coloring as a function `X → Y`, where `X` is a finite set of objects
+and `Y` is a finite set of colors.
+The permutation group `Equiv.Perm X` acts on colorings by precomposition.
+-/
+
+open scoped BigOperators
+open MulAction Finset Equiv
+
+namespace DistinctColorings
+
+variable {X Y : Type*} (c : X → Y)
+
+/--
+A *coloring* is a function `X → Y`.
+The permutation group `Equiv.Perm X` acts on colorings by precomposition:
+`(g • c) x = c (g⁻¹ x)`.
+-/
+instance : MulAction (Equiv.Perm X) (X → Y) where
+  smul g c := fun x ↦ c (g⁻¹ • x)
+  one_smul := by
+    intro c
+    ext x
+    simp [HSMul.hSMul]
+    change c ((1 : Equiv.Perm X) • x) = c x
+    rw [one_smul (Equiv.Perm X) x]
+  mul_smul := by
+    intro g g' f
+    ext x
+    simp [HSMul.hSMul]
+    change f ((g'⁻¹ * g⁻¹) • x) = f (g'⁻¹ • (g⁻¹ • x))
+    rw [mul_smul g'⁻¹ g⁻¹ x]
+
+
+
+/--
+For permutations `f, g : Equiv.Perm X`, the colorings `g • c` and `f • c`
+are equal if and only if `f⁻¹ * g` belongs to the stabilizer of `c`.
+-/
+theorem smul_eq_iff_mem_stabilizer (f g : Equiv.Perm X) (c : X → Y) :
+    g • c = f • c ↔ f⁻¹ * g ∈ MulAction.stabilizer (Equiv.Perm X) c := by
+  constructor
+  · intro h_eq
+    simp [MulAction.stabilizer]
+    ext x
+    simp only [MulAction.mul_smul]
+    rw [h_eq]
+    change c (f⁻¹ • (f • x)) = c x
+    rw [inv_smul_smul]
+  · intro h
+    simp [MulAction.stabilizer] at h
+    rw [← h]
+    simp [mul_smul]
+    rw [mul_smul] at h
+    exact h
+
+/-- Two colorings are equivalent if they lie in the same orbit
+under the action of `Equiv.Perm X`. -/
+def coloringEquiv (c₁ c₂ : X → Y) : Prop :=
+  ∃ f : Equiv.Perm X, f • c₁ = c₂
+
+/-- The equivalence relation given by `coloringEquiv`. -/
+theorem coloringEquiv_equivalence : Equivalence (coloringEquiv (X := X) (Y := Y)) where
+  refl c := ⟨1, by simp⟩
+  symm := by
+    rintro c₁ c₂ ⟨f, h⟩
+    use f⁻¹
+    rw [← h]
+    exact inv_smul_smul f c₁
+  trans := by
+    rintro c₁ c₂ c₃ ⟨f, h₁⟩ ⟨g, h₂⟩
+    use g * f
+    rw [← h₂, ← h₁]
+    exact mul_smul g f c₁
+
+/-- Reformulation of the orbit–stabilizer theorem for colorings. -/
+theorem orbit_size_eq_index (c : X → Y)
+  [Fintype (Equiv.Perm X)]
+  [Fintype (MulAction.orbit (Equiv.Perm X) c)]
+  [Fintype (MulAction.stabilizer (Equiv.Perm X) c)] :
+  Fintype.card (MulAction.orbit (Equiv.Perm X) c)
+    = Fintype.card (Equiv.Perm X) /
+      Fintype.card (MulAction.stabilizer (Equiv.Perm X) c) := by
+  have h := MulAction.card_orbit_mul_card_stabilizer_eq_card_group (Equiv.Perm X) c
+
+  have hb : 0 < Fintype.card (MulAction.stabilizer (Equiv.Perm X) c) := by
+    simpa using (Fintype.card_pos_iff.mpr ⟨1, by simp [MulAction.stabilizer]⟩)
+  rw [← h]
+  exact (Nat.mul_div_cancel _ hb).symm
+
+end DistinctColorings