[SPARK-52703][INFRA][PS] Upgrade minimum python version of pandas api to 3.10

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
Upgrade minimum python version of pandas api to 3.10

### Why are the changes needed?
python 3.9 is reaching the EOL, we should upgrade the minimum python version

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
No, infra-only

### How was this patch tested?
PR builder with env

```
default: '{"PYSPARK_IMAGE_TO_TEST": "python-ps-minimum", "PYTHON_TO_TEST": "python3.10"}'
```

https://github.com/zhengruifeng/spark/actions/runs/16133332146/job/45534172036

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
no

Closes apache#51397 from zhengruifeng/ps_py_310.

Authored-by: Ruifeng Zheng <ruifengz@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Ruifeng Zheng <ruifengz@apache.org>

Author: zhengruifeng

.github/workflows/build_python_ps_minimum.yml

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
       envs: >-
         {
           "PYSPARK_IMAGE_TO_TEST": "python-ps-minimum",
-          "PYTHON_TO_TEST": "python3.9"
+          "PYTHON_TO_TEST": "python3.10"
         }
       jobs: >-
         {

dev/spark-test-image/python-ps-minimum/Dockerfile

@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@ LABEL org.opencontainers.image.ref.name="Apache Spark Infra Image For Pandas API
 # Overwrite this label to avoid exposing the underlying Ubuntu OS version label
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version=""
 
-ENV FULL_REFRESH_DATE=20250327
+ENV FULL_REFRESH_DATE=20250708
 
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 ENV DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true
 
+# Should keep the installation consistent with https://apache.github.io/spark/api/python/getting_started/install.html
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
     build-essential \
     ca-certificates \
@@ -52,30 +53,20 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
     libxml2-dev \
     openjdk-17-jdk-headless \
     pkg-config \
+    python3.10 \
+    python3-psutil \
     qpdf \
     tzdata \
     software-properties-common \
     wget \
     zlib1g-dev
 
 
-# Should keep the installation consistent with https://apache.github.io/spark/api/python/getting_started/install.html
-
-# Install Python 3.9
-RUN add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
-RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
-    python3.9 \
-    python3.9-distutils \
-    && apt-get autoremove --purge -y \
-    && apt-get clean \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-
-
 ARG BASIC_PIP_PKGS="pyarrow==11.0.0 pandas==2.2.0 six==1.16.0 numpy scipy coverage unittest-xml-reporting"
 # Python deps for Spark Connect
 ARG CONNECT_PIP_PKGS="grpcio==1.67.0 grpcio-status==1.67.0 googleapis-common-protos==1.65.0 graphviz==0.20 protobuf"
 
-# Install Python 3.9 packages
-RUN curl -sS https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3.9
-RUN python3.9 -m pip install --force $BASIC_PIP_PKGS $CONNECT_PIP_PKGS && \
-    python3.9 -m pip cache purge
+# Install Python 3.10 packages
+RUN curl -sS https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3.10
+RUN python3.10 -m pip install --force $BASIC_PIP_PKGS $CONNECT_PIP_PKGS && \
+    python3.10 -m pip cache purge