diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md index ca7d31d..f1d18c5 100644 --- a/CHANGELOG.md +++ b/CHANGELOG.md @@ -5,6 +5,13 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/), and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning v2.0.0](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html). +## [1.0.1] - 2024-09-21 + +### Changed + +- Section files numbered +- English grammar fixes + ## [1.0.0] - 2024-09-20 ### Changed diff --git a/out/OnTheBinomialTheoremAndDiscreteConvolution.pdf b/out/OnTheBinomialTheoremAndDiscreteConvolution.pdf index 26122cb..b9cf083 100644 Binary files a/out/OnTheBinomialTheoremAndDiscreteConvolution.pdf and b/out/OnTheBinomialTheoremAndDiscreteConvolution.pdf differ diff --git a/src/OnTheBinomialTheoremAndDiscreteConvolution.tex b/src/OnTheBinomialTheoremAndDiscreteConvolution.tex index dd3a8ff..9e17923 100644 --- a/src/OnTheBinomialTheoremAndDiscreteConvolution.tex +++ b/src/OnTheBinomialTheoremAndDiscreteConvolution.tex @@ -79,49 +79,49 @@ } \begin{document} \begin{abstract} - \input{sections/abstract} + \input{sections/01-abstract} \end{abstract} \maketitle \tableofcontents \section{Definitions, notations and conventions} \label{sec:definitions-notations-and-conventions} - \input{sections/definitions-notations-conventions} + \input{sections/02-definitions-notations-conventions} \clearpage \section{Introduction and main results} \label{sec:introduction} - \input{sections/introduction} + \input{sections/03-introduction-and-main-results} \section{Polynomial \texorpdfstring{$\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$}{P[m,b,x]} and its properties} \label{sec:polynomial-p-and-its-properties} - \input{sections/polynomial-p-and-its-properties} + \input{sections/04-polynomial-p-and-its-properties} - \section{Polynomial \texorpdfstring{$\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$}{P[m,b,x]} in terms of Binomial theorem} + \section{Relation between the polynomial \texorpdfstring{$\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$}{P[m,b,x]} and Binomial theorem} \label{sec:odd-binomial-expansion-as-partial-case-of-polynomial-p} - \input{sections/odd-binomial-theorem-as-partial-case-of-p} + \input{sections/05-relation-betweeb-polynomial-p-and-binomial-theorem} \section{Polynomial \texorpdfstring{$\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$}{P[m,b,x]} in terms of Discrete convolution} \label{sec:relation-between-p-and-convolution-of-polynomials} - \input{sections/relation-between-p-and-convolution-of-polynomials} + \input{sections/06-polynomial-p-in-terms-of-discrete-convolution} \section{Relation between Binomial theorem and Discrete convolution} \label{sec:relation-between-binomial-theorem-and-discrete-convolution} - \input{sections/relation-between-binomial-theorem-and-discrete-convolution} + \input{sections/07-relation-between-binomial-theorem-and-discrete-convolution} - \section{Derivation of coefficient \texorpdfstring{$\coeffA{m}{r}$}{A[m,r]}} + \section{Derivation of the coefficient \texorpdfstring{$\coeffA{m}{r}$}{A[m,r]}} \label{sec:derivation-of-coefficients-a} - \input{sections/derivation-of-coefficients-a} + \input{sections/08-derivation-of-the-coefficient-a} \section{Conclusion} \label{sec:conclusion} - \input{sections/conclusion} + \input{sections/09-conclusion} \section{Acknowledgements} diff --git a/src/sections/abstract.tex b/src/sections/01-abstract.tex similarity index 100% rename from src/sections/abstract.tex rename to src/sections/01-abstract.tex diff --git a/src/sections/definitions-notations-conventions.tex b/src/sections/02-definitions-notations-conventions.tex similarity index 100% rename from src/sections/definitions-notations-conventions.tex rename to src/sections/02-definitions-notations-conventions.tex diff --git a/src/sections/introduction.tex b/src/sections/03-introduction-and-main-results.tex similarity index 84% rename from src/sections/introduction.tex rename to src/sections/03-introduction-and-main-results.tex index 4fa6856..2985306 100644 --- a/src/sections/introduction.tex +++ b/src/sections/03-introduction-and-main-results.tex @@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ \begin{align*} \polynomialP{m}{b}{x} = \sum_{k=0}^{b-1} \sum_{r=0}^{m} \coeffA{m}{r} k^r(x-k)^r \end{align*} -where $\coeffA{m}{r}$ is real coefficient. +where $\coeffA{m}{r}$ is a real coefficient. By means of Lemma~\ref{lemma_polynomial_p_and_odd_power}, the polynomial $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$ has the following relation with Binomial theorem~\cite{AbraSteg72} \begin{align*} \polynomialP{m}{x+y}{x+y} = \sum_{r=0}^{2m+1} \binom{2m+1}{r} x^{2m+1-r} y^r \end{align*} -From the other hand, polynomial $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$ might be expressed in terms of discrete convolution +On the other hand, polynomial $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$ might be expressed in terms of discrete convolution of polynomial $n^j$ \begin{align*} \polynomialP{m}{x+1}{x} = \sum_{r=0}^{m} \coeffA{m}{r} \convPower{n}{r}{x}, \quad n\geq 0 \end{align*} -It is of first necessity to notice that $n^r$ of discrete convolution $\convPower{n}{r}{x}$ evaluated at $x$ +It is important to notice that $n^r$ of discrete convolution $\convPower{n}{r}{x}$ evaluated at $x$ is implicit piecewise-defined polynomial such as \begin{equation*} n^{r} = @@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ = -1 + \sum_{r=0}^{2m+1} \binom{2m+1}{r} x^{2m+1-r} y^r, \quad n > 0 \end{equation*} -Also, the following generalizations for multinomial case are discussed, -see Corollaries~\ref{cor_mult_exp_and_macaulay_conv},~\ref{cor_mult_exp_and_macaulay_conv_strict} +Additionally, the following generalizations for the multinomial case are discussed in +corollaries~\ref{cor_mult_exp_and_macaulay_conv} and ~\ref{cor_mult_exp_and_macaulay_conv_strict} \begin{gather*} \sum_{r=0}^{m} \coeffA{m}{r} \convPower{n}{r}{\multifoldSum{t}} = 1 + \sum_{\multifoldSum[k]{t}=2m+1} \binom{2m+1}{k_1, k_2,\ldots, k_t} \prod_{\ell=1}^{t} x_\ell^{k_\ell}, @@ -50,12 +50,13 @@ \begin{equation*} x^{2m+1} = \sum_{r=0}^{m} \coeffA{m}{r} \sum_{k=0}^{x-1} k^r (x-k)^r \end{equation*} -From the other prospective, the theorem~\ref{thm_odd_power_by_macaulays_convolution_strict} concludes as follows +From another perspective, the theorem~\ref{thm_odd_power_by_macaulays_convolution_strict} concludes as follows \begin{equation*} x^{2m+1} = \sum_{r=0}^{m} \coeffA{m}{r} \sum_{k=1}^{x} k^r (x-k)^r \end{equation*} In its explicit form an identity $x^{2m+1} = \sum_{r=0}^{m} \coeffA{m}{r} \sum_{k=0}^{x-1} k^r (x-k)^r$ looks like -as follows +as follows. +For example, \begin{align*} x^3 &= \sum_{k=1}^{x} 6k (x-k) + 1 \\ x^5 &= \sum_{k=1}^{x} 30k^2 (x-k)^2 + 1 \\ diff --git a/src/sections/polynomial-p-and-its-properties.tex b/src/sections/04-polynomial-p-and-its-properties.tex similarity index 94% rename from src/sections/polynomial-p-and-its-properties.tex rename to src/sections/04-polynomial-p-and-its-properties.tex index 464b72d..22833e6 100644 --- a/src/sections/polynomial-p-and-its-properties.tex +++ b/src/sections/04-polynomial-p-and-its-properties.tex @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ \label{sec:polynomial-p-and-their-properties} -We continue our mathematical journey from short overview of polynomial $\polynomialL{m}{x}{k}$ that is -essential part of polynomial $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$ since that +We continue our mathematical journey from the short overview +of polynomial $\polynomialL{m}{x}{k}$ which is +an essential part of polynomial $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$ since that $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x} = \sum_{k=0}^{b-1} \polynomialL{m}{x}{k}$. -Polynomial $\polynomialL{m}{x}{k}, \; m\in\mathbb{N}$ is polynomial of degree $2m$ in $x,k\in\mathbb{R}$, +Polynomial $\polynomialL{m}{x}{k}$ is a polynomial of degree $2m$ in $x,k\in\mathbb{R}$, see definition~\eqref{eq:def_polynomial_l}. -In explicit form the polynomial $\polynomialL{m}{x}{k}$ is as follows +In its explicit form the polynomial $\polynomialL{m}{x}{k}$ is as follows \begin{equation*} \polynomialL{m}{x}{k} = \coeffA{m}{m} k^m(x-k)^m + @@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ \coeffA{m}{0} \end{equation*} where $\coeffA{m}{r}$ are real coefficients defined by~\eqref{eq:def_coeff_a}. -Coefficients $\coeffA{m}{r}$ are nonzero only for $r$ within the interval $r \in \{m\} \cup \left[0,\frac{m-1}{2}\right]$. +Coefficients $\coeffA{m}{r}$ are nonzero for $r$ only within the range $r \in \{m\} \cup \left[0,\frac{m-1}{2}\right]$. For example, \begin{table}[H] \setlength\extrarowheight{-6pt} @@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ &=-140 k^6+420 k^5 x-420 k^4 x^2+140 k^3 x^3+14 k^2-14 k x+1 \end{split} \end{equation*} -It is worth to notice that $\polynomialL{m}{x}{k}$ is symmetrical over $x$ +It is important to notice that $\polynomialL{m}{x}{k}$ is symmetric over $x$ \begin{ppty} \label{ppty_symmetry_of_polynomial_l} For every $x,k\in\mathbb{R}$ @@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ \polynomialL{m}{x}{k} = \polynomialL{m}{x}{x-k} \end{equation*} \end{ppty} -This might be seen in the following tables +This might be seen from the following tables \begin{table}[H] \setlength\extrarowheight{-6pt} \begin{tabular}{c|cccccccc} diff --git a/src/sections/odd-binomial-theorem-as-partial-case-of-p.tex b/src/sections/05-relation-betweeb-polynomial-p-and-binomial-theorem.tex similarity index 94% rename from src/sections/odd-binomial-theorem-as-partial-case-of-p.tex rename to src/sections/05-relation-betweeb-polynomial-p-and-binomial-theorem.tex index ee174b8..d81d950 100644 --- a/src/sections/odd-binomial-theorem-as-partial-case-of-p.tex +++ b/src/sections/05-relation-betweeb-polynomial-p-and-binomial-theorem.tex @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ \polynomialP{m}{x+y}{x+y} = \sum_{r=0}^{2m+1} \binom{2m+1}{r} x^{2m+1-r} y^r \end{equation*} \end{lem} -By Lemma~\ref{lemma_polynomial_p_and_odd_power} and equation~\eqref{eq:p_all_forms} the following +By means of lemma~\ref{lemma_polynomial_p_and_odd_power} and equation~\eqref{eq:p_all_forms} the following polynomial identities straightforward \begin{equation*} x^{2m+1} diff --git a/src/sections/relation-between-p-and-convolution-of-polynomials.tex b/src/sections/06-polynomial-p-in-terms-of-discrete-convolution.tex similarity index 96% rename from src/sections/relation-between-p-and-convolution-of-polynomials.tex rename to src/sections/06-polynomial-p-in-terms-of-discrete-convolution.tex index e9b4a92..aaa9b8a 100644 --- a/src/sections/relation-between-p-and-convolution-of-polynomials.tex +++ b/src/sections/06-polynomial-p-in-terms-of-discrete-convolution.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ In this section we discuss the relation between $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$ and discrete convolution of polynomials. To show that $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$ involves the discrete convolution of polynomial $n^r$ -let's remind the definition of $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$ +recall the definition of the polynomial $\polynomialP{m}{b}{x}$ \begin{equation*} \polynomialP{m}{b}{x} = \sum_{k=0}^{b-1} \sum_{r=0}^{m} \coeffA{m}{r} k^r (x-k)^r = \sum_{r=0}^{m} \coeffA{m}{r} \sum_{k=0}^{b-1} k^r (x-k)^r @@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ (f \ast f)[n] = \sum_{k} f(k) f(n-k) \end{equation*} -General formula of discrete convolution for polynomials $f(n) = n^j, \; n\geq a \in \mathbb{R}$ may be derived immediately +General formula of discrete convolution for polynomials $f(n) = n^j, \; n\geq a \in \mathbb{R}$ +can be derived immediately \begin{equation*} \begin{split} \convPower{n}{j}{x} @@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ \] \end{lem} It is of first importance to keep in mind that $n^r$ of discrete convolution $\convPower{n}{r}{x}$ evaluated at $x$ -is implicit piecewise-defined polynomial such as +is an implicit piecewise-defined polynomial such as \begin{equation*} n^{r} = \begin{cases} diff --git a/src/sections/relation-between-binomial-theorem-and-discrete-convolution.tex b/src/sections/07-relation-between-binomial-theorem-and-discrete-convolution.tex similarity index 100% rename from src/sections/relation-between-binomial-theorem-and-discrete-convolution.tex rename to src/sections/07-relation-between-binomial-theorem-and-discrete-convolution.tex diff --git a/src/sections/derivation-of-coefficients-a.tex b/src/sections/08-derivation-of-the-coefficient-a.tex similarity index 97% rename from src/sections/derivation-of-coefficients-a.tex rename to src/sections/08-derivation-of-the-coefficient-a.tex index 3ed19b2..b0974b9 100644 --- a/src/sections/derivation-of-coefficients-a.tex +++ b/src/sections/08-derivation-of-the-coefficient-a.tex @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ &-\underbrace{\sum_{j} \binom{r}{j} \frac{(-1)^j}{r+j+1} \bernoulli{r+j+1} n^{r-j}}_{(\diamond)} \end{split} \end{equation*} -Hence, introducing $\ell=2r+1-s$ to $(\star)$ and $\ell=r-j$ to $(\diamond)$, we get +Hence, by introducing $\ell=2r+1-s$ into $(\star)$ and $\ell=r-j$ into $(\diamond)$, we get \begin{equation*} \begin{split} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} k^r (n-k)^r @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ \end{equation} Taking the coefficient of $n^{2r+1}$ for $r=m$ in~\eqref{eq:proof2} we get $\coeffA{m}{m} = (2m+1) \binom{2m}{m}$. Since that $\text{odd } \ell \leq r$ in explicit form is $2j + 1 \leq r$, it follows that $j \leq \frac{m-1}{2}$, -where $j$ is iterator. +where $j$ is an iterator. Therefore, taking the coefficient of $n^{2j+1}$ for an integer $j$ in the range $\frac{m}{2} \leq j \leq m$, we get $\coeffA{m}{j} = 0$. Taking the coefficient of $n^{2d+1}$ for $d$ in the range $m/4 \leq d < m/2$ we get diff --git a/src/sections/conclusion.tex b/src/sections/09-conclusion.tex similarity index 100% rename from src/sections/conclusion.tex rename to src/sections/09-conclusion.tex diff --git a/src/sections/acknowledgements.tex b/src/sections/acknowledgements.tex index ba0217e..40d6da6 100644 --- a/src/sections/acknowledgements.tex +++ b/src/sections/acknowledgements.tex @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ I'd like to thank to Dr. Max Alekseyev for sufficient help in the derivation of the real coefficients $\coeffA{m}{r}$. Also, I'd like to thank to OEIS editors Michel Marcus, Peter Luschny, Jon E. Schoenfield and others -for their useful volunteer work and for useful comments and during the -work on OEIS sequences related to this manuscript. +for their useful volunteer work and for useful comments during the work on OEIS sequences related to this manuscript.