Create Progress Callback System with ProgressEvent Types

[heysamtexas]

Summary

Create a robust progress callback system to replace direct Rich console outputs in core library classes.

Acceptance Criteria

• Design ProgressEvent data class with event types (STARTED, PROGRESS, COMPLETED, ERROR)
• Create ProgressCallback type alias for callback functions
• Implement _notify() helper method in core classes
• Add progress_callback parameter to main analysis methods
• Ensure backward compatibility - no breaking changes to existing CLI
• Add comprehensive unit tests for callback system

Implementation Notes

Follow Guilfoyle's architectural guidance for clean callback interface.

Dependencies

None - this is foundational work

Definition of Done

• Progress callback system is implemented and tested
• No Rich imports remain in core library classes
• CLI functionality remains identical through callback usage