-Ethereum uses a [proof-of-stake-based consensus mechanism](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/). Anyone who wants to add new blocks to the chain must stake at least 32 ETH into the deposit contract and run validator software. They can then be randomly selected to propose blocks that other validators check and add to the blockchain. In this model, there is usually only one chain, but network latency and dishonest behavior can cause multiple blocks to exist at the same position near the head of the chain. To resolve this, a fork-choice algorithm selects one canonical set of blocks. The blocks selected are the ones that form the heaviest possible chain, where 'heavy' refers to the number of validators that have endorsed the blocks (weighted by the ETH they have staked). There is a system of rewards and penalties that strongly incentivize participants to be honest and available online as much as possible.
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