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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: public/content/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/rewards-and-penalties/index.md
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ description: Learn about the in-protocol incentives in proof-of-stake Ethereum.
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lang: en
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Ethereum is secured using its native cryptocurrency, ether (ETH). Node operators that wish to participate in validating blocks and identifying the head of the chain deposit ether into a smart contract on Ethereum. They are then paid in ether to run validator software that checks the validity of new blocks received over the peer-to-peer network and apply the fork-choice algorithm to identify the head of the chain.
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Ethereum is secured using its native cryptocurrency, ether (ETH). Node operators that wish to participate in validating blocks and identifying the head of the chain, deposit ether into the [deposit contract](/staking/deposit-contract/) on Ethereum. They are then paid in ether to run validator software that checks the validity of new blocks received over the peer-to-peer network and apply the fork-choice algorithm to identify the head of the chain.
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There are two primary roles for a validator: 1) checking new blocks and “attesting” to them if they are valid, 2) proposing new blocks when selected at random from the total validator pool. If the validator fails to do either of these tasks when asked they miss out on an ether payout. Validators are also sometimes tasked with signature aggregation and participating in sync committees.
The execution layer may be run in different modes to suit different use cases, from re-executing the blockchain's world state to only syncing with the tip of the chain from a trusted checkpoint.
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Full sync downloads all blocks (including headers, transactions, and receipts) and generates the state of the blockchain incrementally by executing every block from genesis.
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#### Full sync {#full-sync}
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A full sync downloads all blocks (including headers and block bodies) and regenerates the state of the blockchain incrementally by executing every block from genesis.
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- Minimizes trust and offers the highest security by verifying every transaction.
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- With an increasing number of transactions, it can take days to weeks to process all transactions.
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#### Full snap sync {#snap-sync}
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[Archive nodes](#archive-node) perform a full sync to build (and retain) a complete history of the state changes made by every transaction in every block.
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#### Fast sync {#fast-sync}
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Like a full sync, a fast sync downloads all blocks (including headers, transactions, and receipts). However, instead of re-processing the historical transactions, a fast sync relies on the receipts until it reaches a recent head, when it switches to importing and processing blocks to provide a full node.
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Snap sync verifies the chain block-by-block, just like a full archive sync; however, instead of starting at the genesis block, it starts at a more recent 'trusted' checkpoint that is known to be part of the true blockchain. The node saves periodic checkpoints while deleting data older than a certain age. Those snapshots are used to regenerate state data when it is needed, rather than having to store it all forever.
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- Fast sync strategy.
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- Reduces processing demand in favor of bandwidth usage.
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- Fastest sync strategy, currently default in Ethereum mainnet
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- Saves a lot of disk usage and network bandwidth without sacrificing security
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#### Snap sync {#snap-sync}
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[More on snap sync](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md)
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Snap syncs also verify the chain block-by-block. However, instead of starting at the genesis block, a snap sync starts at a more recent 'trusted' checkpoint that is known to be part of the true blockchain. The node saves periodic checkpoints while deleting data older than a certain age. These snapshots are used to regenerate state data as needed, rather than storing it forever.
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- Fastest sync strategy, currently default in Ethereum Mainnet.
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- Saves a lot of disk usage and network bandwidth without sacrificing security.
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[More on snap sync](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md).
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#### Light sync {#light-sync}
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#### Checkpoint sync {#checkpoint-sync}
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Checkpoint sync, also known as weak subjectivity sync, creates a superior user experience for syncing Beacon Node. It's based on assumptions of [weak subjectivity](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/weak-subjectivity/) which enables syncing Beacon Chain from a recent weak subjectivity checkpoint instead of genesis. Checkpoint sync makes the initial sync time significantly faster with similar trust assumptions as syncing from [genesis](/glossary/#genesis-block).
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A checkpoint sync, also known as weak subjectivity sync, creates a superior user experience for syncing a Beacon Node. It's based on assumptions of [weak subjectivity](/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/weak-subjectivity/) which enables syncing the Beacon Chain from a recent weak subjectivity checkpoint instead of genesis. Checkpoint syncs make the initial sync time significantly faster with similar trust assumptions as syncing from [genesis](/glossary/#genesis-block).
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In practice, this means your node connects to a remote service to download recent finalized states and continues verifying data from that point. Third party providing the data is trusted and should be picked carefully.
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In practice, this means your node connects to a remote service to download recent finalized states and continues verifying data from that point. The third party providing the data is trusted and should be picked carefully.
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More on [checkpoint sync](https://notes.ethereum.org/@djrtwo/ws-sync-in-practice)
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## Further reading {#further-reading}
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There is a lot of information about Ethereum clients on the internet. Here are few resources that might be helpful.
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-[Ethereum 101 - Part 2 - Understanding Nodes](https://kauri.io/ethereum-101-part-2-understanding-nodes/48d5098292fd4f11b251d1b1814f0bba/a)_– Wil Barnes, 13 February 2019_
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-[Running Ethereum Full Nodes: A Guide for the Barely Motivated](https://medium.com/@JustinMLeroux/running-ethereum-full-nodes-a-guide-for-the-barely-motivated-a8a13e7a0d31)_– Justin Leroux, 7 November 2019_
"page-learning-tools-remix-description": "Develop, deploy and administer smart contracts for Ethereum. Follow tutorials with the LearnEth plugin.",
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"page-learning-tools-remix-description-2": "Remix, Replit, and ChainIDE aren't just sandboxes—developers can write, compile and deploy their smart contracts using them.",
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"page-learning-tools-remix-description-2": "Remix, Replit, ChainIDE, and Atlas aren't just sandboxes—developers can write, compile and deploy their smart contracts using them.",
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"page-learning-tools-replit-description": "A customizable development environment for Ethereum with hot reloading, error checking, and first-class testnet support.",
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"page-learning-tools-chainIDE-description": "Get started on your journey to Web3 by writing smart contracts for Ethereum with ChainIDE. Use the built-in templates to learn and save time.",
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