Merge branch 'dev' into migrate/action-card

Author: pettinarip

.all-contributorsrc

@@ -12625,6 +12625,42 @@
       "contributions": [
         "design"
       ]
+    },
+    {
+      "login": "jkylling",
+      "name": "Jonas Irgens Kylling",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6781076?v=4",
+      "profile": "https://github.com/jkylling",
+      "contributions": [
+        "content"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "login": "CremaFR",
+      "name": "Thomas Brillard",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5360522?v=4",
+      "profile": "https://github.com/CremaFR",
+      "contributions": [
+        "doc"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "login": "YakshitAgarwal",
+      "name": "Yakshit Agarwal",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/153830716?v=4",
+      "profile": "https://github.com/YakshitAgarwal",
+      "contributions": [
+        "content"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "login": "mseidlx",
+      "name": "Matthias Seidl",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/32496674?v=4",
+      "profile": "https://growthepie.xyz",
+      "contributions": [
+        "code"
+      ]
     }
   ],
   "contributorsPerLine": 7,

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@
 
 # Owners of specific files
 /src/data/consensus-bounty-hunters.json @djrtwo @asanso @fredriksvantes
+/src/data/wallets/new-to-crypto.ts @konopkja @minimalsm

.github/workflows/generate-review-report.yml

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
           CROWDIN_PROJECT_ID: ${{ secrets.CROWDIN_PROJECT_ID }}
 
       - name: Upload output as artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: output
           path: ./src/data/crowdin/bucketsAwaitingReviewReport.csv

.github/workflows/update-chains.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+name: Update Chains
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '20 16 * * FRI' # Runs every Friday at 16:20 UTC
+  workflow_dispatch: # Can be dispatched manually
+
+jobs:
+  update-chains:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        with:
+          node-version: '20'
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: yarn install
+
+      - name: Install ts-node
+        run: yarn global add ts-node
+
+      - name: Update chains data
+        run: npx ts-node -O '{"module":"commonjs"}' ./src/scripts/update-chains.ts
+
+      - name: Create Pull Request
+        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v6
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          branch: update-chains
+          branch-suffix: timestamp
+          commit-message: |
+            Update chains data
+          base: dev
+          title: Update chains data
+          body: Automated update of chains data from https://chainid.network/chains.json 
+          labels: update 🔄

.github/workflows/wallets-check.yml

@@ -1932,6 +1932,12 @@ Thanks goes to these wonderful people ([emoji key](https://allcontributors.org/d
       <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="http://sumitvekariya.surge.sh"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/20764957?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Sumit Vekariya"/><br /><sub><b>Sumit Vekariya</b></sub></a><br /><a href="#maintenance-sumitvekariya" title="Maintenance">🚧</a></td>
       <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/rafagomes"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/565337?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Rafa Gomes"/><br /><sub><b>Rafa Gomes</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/commits?author=rafagomes" title="Code">💻</a></td>
       <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/ddannehh"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/109203827?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="ddannehh"/><br /><sub><b>ddannehh</b></sub></a><br /><a href="#design-ddannehh" title="Design">🎨</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/jkylling"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6781076?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Jonas Irgens Kylling"/><br /><sub><b>Jonas Irgens Kylling</b></sub></a><br /><a href="#content-jkylling" title="Content">🖋</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/CremaFR"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5360522?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Thomas Brillard"/><br /><sub><b>Thomas Brillard</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/commits?author=CremaFR" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/YakshitAgarwal"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/153830716?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Yakshit Agarwal"/><br /><sub><b>Yakshit Agarwal</b></sub></a><br /><a href="#content-YakshitAgarwal" title="Content">🖋</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://growthepie.xyz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/32496674?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Matthias Seidl"/><br /><sub><b>Matthias Seidl</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/commits?author=mseidlx" title="Code">💻</a></td>
     </tr>
   </tbody>
 </table>

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "ethereum-org-website",
-  "version": "9.2.0",
+  "version": "9.3.0",
   "license": "MIT",
   "private": true,
   "scripts": {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     "lodash.merge": "^4.6.2",
     "lodash.shuffle": "^4.2.0",
     "lodash.union": "^4.6.0",
-    "next": "^14.2.10",
+    "next": "^14.2.15",
     "next-i18next": "^14.0.3",
     "next-mdx-remote": "^3.0.8",
     "next-sitemap": "^4.2.3",
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@
     "react-lite-youtube-embed": "^2.4.0",
     "react-select": "5.8.0",
     "reading-time": "^1.5.0",
+    "recharts": "^2.13.3",
     "remark-gfm": "^3.0.1",
     "swiper": "^11.1.10",
     "tailwind-merge": "^2.3.0",

package.json

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 
 /nfts/ /en/nft/ 301!
 
+/payments/ /en/payments/ 301!
+
 /daos/ /en/dao/ 301!
 
 /layer2/ /en/layer-2/ 301!

public/_redirects

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ There are now several Layer 2 protocols that scale Ethereum using different tech
 #### Recent research {#recent-research-2}
 
 - [Arbitrum's fair-ordering for sequencers](https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1465)
-- [ethresear.ch Layer 2](https://ethresear.ch/c/layer-2/32)
+- [Ethresear.ch Layer 2](https://ethresear.ch/c/layer-2/32)
 - [Rollup-centric roadmap](https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/a-rollup-centric-ethereum-roadmap/4698)
 - [L2Beat](https://l2beat.com/)
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ Ethereum wallets can be browser extensions, desktop and mobile apps or smart con
 
 - [Introduction to wallets](/wallets/)
 - [Introduction to wallet security](/security/)
-- [ethresear.ch Security](https://ethresear.ch/tag/security)
+- [Ethresear.ch Security](https://ethresear.ch/tag/security)
 - [EIP-2938 Account Abstraction](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2938)
 - [EIP-4337 Account Abstraction](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4337)
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Oracles import off-chain data onto the blockchain in a permissionless and decent
 
 - [Introduction to Oracles](/developers/docs/oracles/)
 
-#### Recent Research {#recent-research-18}
+#### Recent research {#recent-research-18}
 
 - [Survey of blockchain oracles](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.07140.pdf)
 - [Chainlink white paper](https://chain.link/whitepaper)
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ Hacks on Ethereum generally exploit vulnerabilities in individual applications r
 
 #### Recent research {#recent-research-19}
 
-- [ethresear.ch Applications](https://ethresear.ch/c/applications/18)
+- [Ethresear.ch Applications](https://ethresear.ch/c/applications/18)
 
 ### Technology stack {#technology-stack}
 

public/content/community/research/index.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ We are a welcoming community that will help you grow and educate in the Ethereum
 - [Work on an open issue](https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues) – Work we've identified that needs doing
 
 **Design**
-- [Help design the website](/contributing/design/) Designers of all levels can contribute to improve the website
+- [Help design the website](/contributing/design/) – Designers of all levels can contribute to improve the website
 
 **Content**
 - [Create/edit content](/contributing/#how-to-update-content) – Suggest new pages or make tweaks to what's here already
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ If your contribution gets merged into ethereum.org, you will have a chance to cl
 
 ### How to claim
 1. Join our [Discord server](https://discord.gg/ethereum-org).
-2. Paste a link to your contribution in the `#🥇 | proof-of-contribution` channel
+2. Paste a link to your contribution in the `#🥇 | proof-of-contribution` channel.
 3. Wait for a member of our team to send you a link to your OAT.
 4. Claim your OAT!
 

public/content/contributing/index.md

@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ This site uses **sentence casing** for header names as a convention. Only the fi
 
 ### Setting Up Your Wallet
 
-### Getting Enough Ether
+### Getting Enough ether
 ```
 
 ### Article authors {#authors}

public/content/contributing/style-guide/content-standardization/index.md

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
-title: Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs)
+title: What is a DAO?
+metaTitle: What is a DAO? | Decentralized Autonomous Organization
 description: An overview of DAOs on Ethereum
 lang: en
 template: use-cases

public/content/dao/index.md

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
 title: Decentralized finance (DeFi)
+metaTitle: What is DeFi? | Benefits and Use of Decentralised Finance
 description: An overview of DeFi on Ethereum
 lang: en
 template: use-cases
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ If exchange B's supply dropped suddenly and the user wasn't able to buy enough t
 
 To be able to do the above example in the traditional finance world, you'd need an enormous amount of money. These money-making strategies are only accessible to those with existing wealth. Flash loans are an example of a future where having money is not necessarily a prerequisite for making money.
 
-<ButtonLink isSecondary href="https://aave.com/flash-loans/">
+<ButtonLink isSecondary href="https://aave.com/docs/concepts/flash-loans">
   More on flash loans
 </ButtonLink>
 
@@ -324,7 +325,7 @@ You can think of DeFi in layers:
 3. The protocols – [smart contracts](/glossary/#smart-contract) that provide the functionality, for example, a service that allows for decentralized lending of assets.
 4. [The applications](/dapps/) – the products we use to manage and access the protocols.
 
-Note: much of DeFi uses the [ERC-20 standard](/glossary/#erc-20). Applications in DeFi use a wrapper for ETH called Wrapped Ether (WETH). [Learn more about wrapped ether](/wrapped-eth).
+Note: much of DeFi uses the [ERC-20 standard](/glossary/#erc-20). Applications in DeFi use a wrapper for ETH called Wrapped ether (WETH). [Learn more about wrapped ether](/wrapped-eth).
 
 ## Build DeFi {#build-defi}
 
@@ -358,4 +359,4 @@ DeFi is an open-source movement. The DeFi protocols and applications are all ope
 
 <Divider />
 
-<QuizWidget quizKey="defi" />
+<QuizWidget quizKey="defi" />

public/content/defi/index.md

@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@ curl -X POST --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_sendRawTransaction","params"
 
 ### eth_call {#eth_call}
 
-Executes a new message call immediately without creating a transaction on the block chain. Often used for executing read-only smart contract functions, for example the `balanceOf` for an ERC-20 contract.
+Executes a new message call immediately without creating a transaction on the blockchain. Often used for executing read-only smart contract functions, for example the `balanceOf` for an ERC-20 contract.
 
 **Parameters**
 

public/content/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/index.md

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Using [GraphQL](https://graphql.org/), developers can query any of the curated o
 
 ## Dune Analytics {#dune-analytics}
 
-[Dune Analytics](https://dune.com/) pre-processes blockchain data into relational database (PostgreSQL and DatabricksSQL) tables, allows users to query blockchain data using SQL and build dashboards based on query results. On-chain data are organized into 4 raw tables: `blocks`, `transactions`, (event) `logs` and (call) `traces`. Popular contracts and protocols have been decoded, and each has its own set of event and call tables. Those event and call tables are processed further and organized into abstraction tables by the type of protocols, for example, dex, lending, stablecoins, etc.
+[Dune Analytics](https://dune.com/) pre-processes blockchain data into relational database (DuneSQL) tables, allows users to query blockchain data using SQL and build dashboards based on query results. On-chain data are organized into 4 raw tables: `blocks`, `transactions`, (event) `logs` and (call) `traces`. Popular contracts and protocols have been decoded, and each has its own set of event and call tables. Those event and call tables are processed further and organized into abstraction tables by the type of protocols, for example, dex, lending, stablecoins, etc.
 
 ## SubQuery Network {#subquery-network}
 

public/content/developers/docs/data-and-analytics/index.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Some basic familiarity with common terminology in computer science such as [byte
 
 The analogy of a 'distributed ledger' is often used to describe blockchains like Bitcoin, which enable a decentralized currency using fundamental tools of cryptography. The ledger maintains a record of activity which must adhere to a set of rules that govern what someone can and cannot do to modify the ledger. For example, a Bitcoin address cannot spend more Bitcoin than it has previously received. These rules underpin all transactions on Bitcoin and many other blockchains.
 
-While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (Ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: [smart contracts](/developers/docs/smart-contracts/). For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed [state machine](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine). Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a _machine state_, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
+While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: [smart contracts](/developers/docs/smart-contracts/). For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed [state machine](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine). Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a _machine state_, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
 
 ![A diagram showing the make up of the EVM](./evm.png)
 _Diagram adapted from [Ethereum EVM illustrated](https://takenobu-hs.github.io/downloads/ethereum_evm_illustrated.pdf)_

public/content/developers/docs/evm/index.md

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 ---
 title: Gas and fees
+metaTitle: "Ethereum gas and fees: technical overview"
 description:
 lang: en
 ---

public/content/developers/docs/gas/index.md

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Users can query the ether balance of any [account](/developers/docs/accounts/) b
 
 ## Further reading {#further-reading}
 
-- [Defining Ether and Ethereum](https://www.cmegroup.com/education/courses/introduction-to-ether/defining-ether-and-ethereum.html) – _CME Group_
+- [Defining ether and Ethereum](https://www.cmegroup.com/education/courses/introduction-to-ether/defining-ether-and-ethereum.html) – _CME Group_
 - [Ethereum Whitepaper](/whitepaper/): The original proposal for Ethereum. This document includes a description of ether and the motivations behind its creation.
 - [Gwei Calculator](https://www.alchemy.com/gwei-calculator): Use this gwei calculator to easily convert wei, gwei, and ether. Simply plug in any amount of wei, gwei, or ETH and automatically calculate the conversion.
 

public/content/developers/docs/intro-to-ether/index.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ For an Ethereum node, the multiaddr contains the node-ID (a hash of their public
 
 ## Enode {#enode}
 
-An enode is a way to identify an Ethereum node using a URL address format. The hexadecimal node-ID is encoded in the username portion of the URL separated from the host using an @ sign. The hostname can only be given as an IP address; DNS names are not allowed. The port in the hostname section is the TCP listening port. If the TCP and UDP (discovery) ports differ, the UDP port is specified as a query parameter "discport"
+An enode is a way to identify an Ethereum node using a URL address format. The hexadecimal node-ID is encoded in the username portion of the URL separated from the host using an @ sign. The hostname can only be given as an IP address; DNS names are not allowed. The port in the hostname section is the TCP listening port. If the TCP and UDP (discovery) ports differ, the UDP port is specified as a query parameter "discport".
 
 In the following example, the node URL describes a node with IP address `10.3.58.6`, TCP port `30303` and UDP discovery port `30301`.
 
@@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ Ethereum Node Records (ENRs) are a standardized format for network addresses on
 
 ## Further Reading {#further-reading}
 
-[EIP-778: Ethereum Node Records (ENR)](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-778)
-[Network addresses in Ethereum](https://dean.eigenmann.me/blog/2020/01/21/network-addresses-in-ethereum/)
-[LibP2P: Multiaddr-Enode-ENR?!](https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2020/09/libp2p-multiaddr-enode-enr/)
+- [EIP-778: Ethereum Node Records (ENR)](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-778)
+- [Network addresses in Ethereum](https://dean.eigenmann.me/blog/2020/01/21/network-addresses-in-ethereum/)
+- [LibP2P: Multiaddr-Enode-ENR?!](https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2020/09/libp2p-multiaddr-enode-enr/)

public/content/developers/docs/networking-layer/network-addresses/index.md

@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ Addressing client diversity requires more than individual users to choose minori
 
 [Prysm](https://docs.prylabs.network/docs/getting-started)
 
+[Grandine](https://docs.grandine.io/)
+
 Technical users can help accelerate this process by writing more tutorials and documentation for minority clients and encouraging their node-operating peers to migrate away from the dominant clients. Guides for switching to a minority consensus client are available on [clientdiversity.org](https://clientdiversity.org/).
 
 ## Client diversity dashboards {#client-diversity-dashboards}

public/content/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/client-diversity/index.md

@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ reth node \
     --authrpc.port 8551
 ```
 
-See [Configuring Reth](https://reth.rs/run/config.html?highlight=data%20directory#configuring-reth) to learn more about data default data directories. [Reth's documentation](https://reth.rs/run/mainnet.html) contains additional options and configuration details.
+See [Configuring Reth](https://reth.rs/run/config.html?highlight=data%20directory#configuring-reth) to learn more about default data directories. [Reth's documentation](https://reth.rs/run/mainnet.html) contains additional options and configuration details.
 
 #### Starting the consensus client {#starting-the-consensus-client}