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src/content/energy-consumption/index.md

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@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ The chart above displays the estimated yearly energy consumption in TWh/yr for E
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| AirBnB | 0.02 | 8x | [source](<https://s26.q4cdn.com/656283129/files/doc_downloads/governance_doc_updated/Airbnb-ESG-Factsheet-(Final).pdf>) |
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| PoS Ethereum | 0.0026 | 1x | [source](https://carbon-ratings.com/eth-report-2022) |
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It is complicated to get accurate estimates for energy consumption, especially when what is being measured has a complex supply chain or deployment details that influence its efficiency. For example, the energy consumption for platforms such as Netflix and Youtube vary depending upon whether they only include the energy used to run the hardware infrastructure required to store and deliver content (_direct expenditure_) or whether they include the expenditure required to - for example - produce content, run corporate offices, advertise, etc (_indirect expenditure_). Indirect usage could also include the energy required to consume content on end-user devices such as TVs, computers and mobiles, which in turn depends on which devices are used - there is some discussion this on [Carbon Brief](https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-what-is-the-carbon-footprint-of-streaming-video-on-netflix). In the table above, the value reported for Netflix is their self-reported total (_direct_ + _indirect_). Youtube estimates their own _direct_ energy expenditure at around [12 TWh/yr](https://www.gstatic.com/gumdrop/sustainability/google-2020-environmental-report.pdf).
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It is complicated to get accurate estimates for energy consumption, especially when what is being measured has a complex supply chain or deployment details that influence its efficiency. consider Netflix or Youtube as examples. Estimates of their energy consumption vary depending upon whether they only include the energy used to maintain their systems and deliver content to users (_direct expenditure_) or whether they include the expenditure required to produce content, run corporate offices, advertise, etc (_indirect expenditure_). Indirect usage could also include the energy required to consume content on end-user devices such as TVs, computers and mobiles, which in turn depends on which devices are used.
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There is some discussion of this issue on [Carbon Brief](https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-what-is-the-carbon-footprint-of-streaming-video-on-netflix). In the table above, the value reported for Netflix includes their self-reported _direct_ and _indirect_ usage. Youtube only provides an estimate of their own _direct_ energy expenditure, which is around [12 TWh/yr](https://www.gstatic.com/gumdrop/sustainability/google-2020-environmental-report.pdf).
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The table and chart above also include comparisons to Bitcoin and proof-of-work Ethereum. It is important to note that the energy consumption of proof-of-work networks is not static - it changes day-to-day. The value used for proof-of-work Ethereum was from just before [The Merge](/roadmap/merge/) to proof-of-stake, as predicted by [Digiconomist](https://digiconomist.net/ethereum-energy-consumption). Other sources, such as the [Cambridge Blockchain Network Sustainability Index](https://ccaf.io/cbnsi/ethereum/1) estimate the energy consumption to have been much lower (closer to 20 TWh/yr). Estimates for Bitcoin's energy consumption also vary widely between sources and it is a topic that attracts a lot of nuanced [debate](https://www.coindesk.com/business/2020/05/19/the-last-word-on-bitcoins-energy-consumption/) about not only the amount of energy consumed but the sources of that energy and the related ethics. Energy consumption does not necessarily map precisely to environmental footprint because different projects might use different energy sources, for example a lesser or greater proportion of renewables. For example, [Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index](https://ccaf.io/cbnsi/cbeci/comparisons) indicate that the Bitcoin network demand could theoretically be powered by gas flaring or electricity that would otherwise be lost in transmission and distribution. Ethereum's route to sustainability was to replace the energy-hungry part of the network with a green alternative.
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