diff --git a/build.sbt b/build.sbt
index 462377942d80..55165423413c 100644
--- a/build.sbt
+++ b/build.sbt
@@ -305,6 +305,8 @@ lazy val Benchmark = config("bench") extend sbt.Test
 lazy val rebuildNativeImage = taskKey[Unit]("Force to rebuild native image")
 lazy val buildNativeImage =
   taskKey[Unit]("Ensure that the Native Image is built.")
+lazy val checkNativeImageSize =
+  taskKey[Unit]("Ensures the generated Native Image has reasonable size")
 
 // ============================================================================
 // === Global Project =========================================================
@@ -4064,7 +4066,16 @@ lazy val `engine-runner` = project
           "enso",
           targetDir = engineDistributionRoot.value / "bin"
         )
-    }.value
+    }.value,
+    checkNativeImageSize := Def
+      .taskDyn {
+        NativeImage.checkNativeImageSize(
+          name      = "enso",
+          targetDir = engineDistributionRoot.value / "bin"
+        )
+      }
+      .dependsOn(buildNativeImage)
+      .value
   )
   .dependsOn(`version-output`)
   .dependsOn(pkg)
@@ -5671,6 +5682,7 @@ buildEngineDistributionNoIndex := Def.taskIf {
   createEnginePackageNoIndex.value
   if (shouldBuildNativeImage.value) {
     (`engine-runner` / buildNativeImage).value
+    (`engine-runner` / checkNativeImageSize).value
   }
 }.value
 
diff --git a/project/GraalVM.scala b/project/GraalVM.scala
index 7874f19dcbc0..30a28482815a 100644
--- a/project/GraalVM.scala
+++ b/project/GraalVM.scala
@@ -72,6 +72,40 @@ object GraalVM {
     def release               = native && !test && !debug && !fast && !disableLanguageServer
   }
 
+  case class NativeImageSize(
+    minMb: Int,
+    maxMb: Int
+  )
+
+  object NativeImageSize {
+    def expectedSizeForCurrentPlatform(): NativeImageSize = {
+      if (EnsoLauncher.release) {
+        if (Platform.isWindows) {
+          windowsX64Release
+        } else if (Platform.isLinux) {
+          linuxX64Release
+        } else if (Platform.isMacOS && Platform.isAmd64) {
+          macX64Release
+        } else if (Platform.isMacOS && Platform.isArm64) {
+          macARM64Release
+        } else {
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected platform")
+        }
+      } else {
+        testNISize
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Expected production NI sizes deduced from sizes on latest
+    // nightly builds: https://github.com/enso-org/enso/pull/12996#discussion_r2073742680
+    // With maximal size relaxed by 30 MB.
+    private val windowsX64Release = NativeImageSize(200, 420)
+    private val linuxX64Release   = NativeImageSize(200, 463)
+    private val macX64Release     = NativeImageSize(200, 408)
+    private val macARM64Release   = NativeImageSize(200, 423)
+    private val testNISize        = NativeImageSize(100, 550)
+  }
+
   /** Has the user requested to use Espresso for Java interop? */
   private def isEspressoMode(): Boolean =
     "espresso".equals(System.getenv("ENSO_JAVA"))
diff --git a/project/NativeImage.scala b/project/NativeImage.scala
index 2e05561669b0..f04761783ca3 100644
--- a/project/NativeImage.scala
+++ b/project/NativeImage.scala
@@ -320,6 +320,37 @@ object NativeImage {
       }
     }
 
+  def checkNativeImageSize(
+    name: String,
+    targetDir: File
+  ): Def.Initialize[Task[Unit]] = Def.task {
+    val generatedBin = artifactFile(targetDir, name)
+    val logger       = streams.value.log
+    if (!generatedBin.exists) {
+      logger.error(s"Generated binary $generatedBin does not exist.")
+      logger.error(
+        "Ensure that the dependency on `buildNativeImage` is properly set."
+      )
+    }
+    val bytes        = generatedBin.attributes.size()
+    val mb           = bytes / (1024 * 1024)
+    val expectedSize = GraalVM.NativeImageSize.expectedSizeForCurrentPlatform()
+    val isInBounds =
+      expectedSize.minMb <= mb && mb <= expectedSize.maxMb
+    if (!isInBounds) {
+      logger.error(
+        s"Generated binary $generatedBin has unexpected size: $mb MB. " +
+        s"Expected size is between ${expectedSize.minMb} and ${expectedSize.maxMb} MB."
+      )
+      throw new RuntimeException(s"Generated binary $generatedBin is too large")
+    } else {
+      logger.info(
+        s"Generated binary $generatedBin size ($mb MB) " +
+        s"is within the expected size: [${expectedSize.minMb}, ${expectedSize.maxMb}] MB."
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
   /** [[File]] representing the artifact called `name` built with the Native
     * Image.
     */