diff --git a/starlette/websockets.py b/starlette/websockets.py
index 6b46f4eae..a3944330e 100644
--- a/starlette/websockets.py
+++ b/starlette/websockets.py
@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ def __init__(self, code: int = 1000, reason: str | None = None) -> None:
         self.reason = reason or ""
 
 
+class WebSocketDisconnected(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    Raised when attempting to use a disconnected WebSocket.
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
 class WebSocket(HTTPConnection):
     def __init__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
         super().__init__(scope)
@@ -53,7 +61,7 @@ async def receive(self) -> Message:
                 self.client_state = WebSocketState.DISCONNECTED
             return message
         else:
-            raise RuntimeError('Cannot call "receive" once a disconnect message has been received.')
+            raise WebSocketDisconnected('Cannot call "receive" once a disconnect message has been received.')
 
     async def send(self, message: Message) -> None:
         """
@@ -94,7 +102,7 @@ async def send(self, message: Message) -> None:
                 self.application_state = WebSocketState.DISCONNECTED
             await self._send(message)
         else:
-            raise RuntimeError('Cannot call "send" once a close message has been sent.')
+            raise WebSocketDisconnected('Cannot call "send" once a close message has been sent.')
 
     async def accept(
         self,
@@ -114,14 +122,14 @@ def _raise_on_disconnect(self, message: Message) -> None:
 
     async def receive_text(self) -> str:
         if self.application_state != WebSocketState.CONNECTED:
-            raise RuntimeError('WebSocket is not connected. Need to call "accept" first.')
+            raise WebSocketDisconnected('WebSocket is not connected. Need to call "accept" first.')
         message = await self.receive()
         self._raise_on_disconnect(message)
         return typing.cast(str, message["text"])
 
     async def receive_bytes(self) -> bytes:
         if self.application_state != WebSocketState.CONNECTED:
-            raise RuntimeError('WebSocket is not connected. Need to call "accept" first.')
+            raise WebSocketDisconnected('WebSocket is not connected. Need to call "accept" first.')
         message = await self.receive()
         self._raise_on_disconnect(message)
         return typing.cast(bytes, message["bytes"])
@@ -130,7 +138,7 @@ async def receive_json(self, mode: str = "text") -> typing.Any:
         if mode not in {"text", "binary"}:
             raise RuntimeError('The "mode" argument should be "text" or "binary".')
         if self.application_state != WebSocketState.CONNECTED:
-            raise RuntimeError('WebSocket is not connected. Need to call "accept" first.')
+            raise WebSocketDisconnected('WebSocket is not connected. Need to call "accept" first.')
         message = await self.receive()
         self._raise_on_disconnect(message)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_websockets.py b/tests/test_websockets.py
index e76d8f29b..450da3e9f 100644
--- a/tests/test_websockets.py
+++ b/tests/test_websockets.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from starlette.responses import Response
 from starlette.testclient import WebSocketDenialResponse
 from starlette.types import Message, Receive, Scope, Send
-from starlette.websockets import WebSocket, WebSocketDisconnect, WebSocketState
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket, WebSocketDisconnect, WebSocketDisconnected, WebSocketState
 from tests.types import TestClientFactory
 
 
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
         await websocket.close()
 
     client = test_client_factory(app)
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnected):
         with client.websocket_connect("/"):
             pass  # pragma: no cover
 
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
         message = await websocket.receive()
 
     client = test_client_factory(app)
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnected):
         with client.websocket_connect("/") as websocket:
             websocket.close()
 
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
         await websocket.receive_text()
 
     client = test_client_factory(app)
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnected):
         with client.websocket_connect("/"):
             pass  # pragma: no cover
 
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
         await websocket.receive_bytes()
 
     client = test_client_factory(app)
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnected):
         with client.websocket_connect("/"):
             pass  # pragma: no cover
 
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
         await websocket.receive_json()
 
     client = test_client_factory(app)
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnected):
         with client.websocket_connect("/"):
             pass  # pragma: no cover
 
@@ -577,6 +577,42 @@ async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
             pass  # pragma: no cover
 
 
+def test_receive_text_after_close(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:
+    async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        websocket = WebSocket(scope, receive=receive, send=send)
+        await websocket.close()
+        await websocket.receive_text()
+
+    client = test_client_factory(app)
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnected):
+        with client.websocket_connect("/"):
+            pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def test_receive_bytes_after_close(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:
+    async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        websocket = WebSocket(scope, receive=receive, send=send)
+        await websocket.close()
+        await websocket.receive_bytes()
+
+    client = test_client_factory(app)
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnected):
+        with client.websocket_connect("/"):
+            pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def test_receive_json_after_close(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:
+    async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        websocket = WebSocket(scope, receive=receive, send=send)
+        await websocket.close()
+        await websocket.receive_json()
+
+    client = test_client_factory(app)
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnected):
+        with client.websocket_connect("/"):
+            pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
 def test_send_wrong_message_type(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:
     async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
         websocket = WebSocket(scope, receive=receive, send=send)
@@ -602,6 +638,19 @@ async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
             websocket.send({"type": "websocket.send"})
 
 
+def test_receive_after_close(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:
+    async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        websocket = WebSocket(scope, receive=receive, send=send)
+        await websocket.accept()
+        websocket.client_state = WebSocketState.DISCONNECTED
+        await websocket.receive()
+
+    client = test_client_factory(app)
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnected):
+        with client.websocket_connect("/"):
+            pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
 def test_receive_wrong_message_type(test_client_factory: TestClientFactory) -> None:
     async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
         websocket = WebSocket(scope, receive=receive, send=send)