They're defined in https://github.com/Adobe-CEP/CEP-Resources/blob/master/Documentation/Product%20specific%20Documentation/Photoshop%20Scripting/photoshop-cc-javascript-ref-2015.pdf
Also seems like ElementPlacement should have the same shape in Illustrator types too: https://ai-scripting.docsforadobe.dev/jsobjref/scripting-constants.html#elementplacement (currently typed as any)
I would've opened a PR, but the enums in this project have numeric initializers and I'm not quite sure if they actually mean something.