ErgRules

ERG Lexical and Syntactic Rules

The grammar contains several types of rules, including inflectional and derivational lexical rules, affixation rules for punctuation, and syntactic constructions.

Recent change of naming scheme

As of March 2010, the names of all rules in the ERG have been changed to conform to the more consistent naming conventions described below. Please note that this change means all pre-existing treebanks built with the ERG will have to be converted before they can be used for treebank updates with this new version of the ERG. Thanks to Andrew MacKinlay for the Python script replace-strings.py' to effect the conversion automatically, using the mapping file rulenames', both found in the subdirectory `util' in the ERG directory.

To convert a single file:

python <path-to-erg>/util/replace-strings.py -s <path-to-erg>/util/rulenames <filename>

To convert all files in the current directory, recursively:

find . -type f -print | xargs python <path-to-erg>/util/replace-strings.py -s <path-to-erg>/util/rulenames

Names of rules

The names of the rules are assigned using the following three-field template, with fields separated by an underscore:

Daughter sequence	Annotations	Rule type

The Daughter sequence field gives the sequence of one or two constituents that comprise the sign, separated by a hyphen, using the following abbreviations:

hd	head
hdn	nominal head
nh	non-head
sb	subject
sp	specifier
cmp	complement
aj	adjunct
flr	filler
mrk	marker
np	nominal phrase
cl	clause
vp	verb phrase
pp	prepositional phrase
n	noun
v	verb
j	adjective
r	adverb
p	preposition
num	number
prdp	predicative phrase
jpr	predicative adj phrase
vpr	predicative verb phrase
ppr	predicative prep phrase
mnp	measure noun phrase
pct	punctuation mark

The Annotations field provides a brief sketch of the distinguishing properties of the rule.

The Rule type distinguishes among the broad classes of rules, using the following suffixes:

_ilr	orth-invariant inflectional rule
_olr	orth-changing inflectional rule
_dlr	orth-invariant derivational rule
_odlr	orth-changing derivation rule
_plr	punctuation affixation rule
_c	syntactic construction

The table below contains an exhaustive inventory of the rules used in the ERG:

Complete inventory of ERG rules

Rule type	Annotations	Example	Old rule name

n_pl_olr	Plural noun with |-s| suffix	cats	plur_noun_orule
n_sg_ilr	Singular noun	cat	sing_noun_irule
n_ms_ilr	Mass noun	rice	mass_noun_irule
n_ms-cnt_ilr	Mass or count noun	[unknown noun]	mass_count_irule
n_pl-cur_ilr	Plural of currency noun: no |-s|	$	plur_numcomp_noun_irule

v_3s-fin_olr	Third-singular present verb	admires	third_sg_fin_verb_orule
v_n3s-bse_ilr	Non-3sing or base form verb	admire	bse_or_non3sg_verb_irule
v_pst_olr	Past tense verb	admired	past_verb_orule
v_psp_olr	Past particple verb	admired	psp_verb_orule
v_prp_olr	Present participle verb	admiring	prp_verb_orule
v_prp-nf_olr	Present participle verb,nonformal	admirin	prp_verb_nfl_orule
v_pas_odlr	Passive verb	admired	passive_orule
v_pas-p_odlr	Prepositional passive verb	referred to	prep_passive_orule
v_pas-p-t_odlr	Prep. passive of trans. verb	added to	prep_passive_trans_orule
v_pas-dat_odlr	Passive of dative shift verb	given	dative_passive_orule
v_pas-cp_odlr	Passive of cp-complement verb	said	cp_passive_orule

v_aux-sb-inv_dlr	Subject-auxiliary inversion	Did they arrive?	sailr
v_aux-advadd_dlr	Addition of adverb as complement	They did not arrive.	advadd
v_aux-tag_dlr	Tag question auxiliary	He arrived, didn't he?	taglr
v_aux-ell-ref_dlr	Elided VP compl, referentl subj	He did.	vpellipsis_ref_lr
v_aux-ell-xpl_dlr	Elided VP compl, expletive subj	It did.	vpellipsis_expl_lr
v_dat_dlr	Dative shift alternation	They gave the book to him.	dative_lr
v_np-prtcl_dlr	Particle-NP reordering	He looked the answer up.	NP_part_lr
v_inv-quot_dlr	Main verb inversion for quoting	He left, said Kim.	inv_quote
v_nger-intr_dlr	Nominal gerund of intrans verb	Leaving was easy.	intransng
v_nger-pp_dlr	Nominal gerund of PP-comp verb	Relying on Kim was wrong.	intr_pp_ng
v_nger-tr_dlr	Nominal gerund of trans verb	The hiring of Kim was OK.	transng
det_prt-of-agr_dlr	Partitive NP, PP-of, num agrmt	Some of us are ready.	part_ppof_agr
det_prt-of-nagr_dlr	Partitive NP, PP-of, no agrmt	Each of us is ready	part_ppof_noagr
det_prt-nocmp_dlr	Partitive NP, no PP complement	Most arrived. part_nocomp	part_nocomp
n_bipart_dlr	Relax bipartite constraint	The scissors isn't sharp.	bipart
n_n-ed_odlr	Noun with |-ed| suffix as adj	Long-eared sheep slept.	noun_adj_orule
v_v-re_dlr	Verb with |re-| prefix	He re-tied his shoe.	re_verb_prefix
v_v-pre_dlr	Verb with |pre-| prefix	He pre-signed the check.	pre_verb_prefix
v_v-mis_dlr	Verb with |mis-| prefix	He mis-tied his shoe.	mis_verb_prefix
v_v-co_dlr	Verb with |co-| prefix	He co-wrote the paper.	co_verb_prefix
n_det-mnth_dlr	Month name as determiner	July tenth arrived.	monthdet
n_det-wkdy_dlr	Weekday name as determiner	We arrived Sunday morning.	weekdaydet
j_n-minut_dlr	Integer as minute name	Ten sixteen is too late.	minute_lr
j_att_dlr	Attrib adj from trans pred adj	A similar cat arrived.	attr_adj
v_j-nb-intr_dlr	Attrib adj from intrans verb	The sleeping cat stirred.	attr_adj_verb_part
v_j-nb-prp-tr_dlr	Attr adj from trans prp verb	The admiring crowd ran.	attr_adj_verb_tr_part
v_j-nb-pas-tr_dlr	Attr adj from trans passive verb	The hired consultant left.	attr_adj_verb_psv_part
v_j-nme-intr_dlr	Attr adj from intr verb, nme mod	The smiling Abrams won.	attr_verb_part_namemod
v_j-nme-tr_dlr	Attr adj from trns verb, nme mod	Our winning Abrams smiled.	attr_verb_part_tr_namemod
w_italics_dlr	Italicized word made into NP	Some say /windshield/.	foreign_wd

w_period_plr	Period affixed to end of word	cat.	punct_period_orule
w_qmark_plr	Question mark affixed to word	cat?	punct_qmark_orule
w_qqmark_plr	Double question mark affixed	cat??	punct_qqmark_orule
w_qmark-bang_plr	Qmark and exclam point affixed	cat?!	punct_qmark_bang_orule
w_comma_plr	Comma affixed	cat,	punct_comma_orule
w_bang_plr	Exclamation point affixed	cat!	punct_bang_orule
w_semicol_plr	Semicolon affixed	cat;	punct_semicol_orule
w_rparen_plr	Right parenthesis affixed	cat)	punct_rparen_orule
w_comma-rp_plr	Comma wrongly before right paren	cat,)	punct_rp_comma_orule
w_lparen_plr	Left parenthesis prefixed	(cat	punct_lparen_orule
w_rbrack_plr	Right square bracket affixed	cat]	punct_rbracket_orule
w_lbrack_plr	Left square bracket prefixed	[cat	punct_lbracket_orule
w_dqright_plr	Double quote affixed to end	cat"	punct_dqright_orule
w_dqleft_plr	Double quote prefixed	"cat	punct_dqleft_orule
w_sqright_plr	Single quote affixed to end	cat'	punct_sqright_orule
w_sqleft_plr	Single quote prefixed	'cat	punct_sqleft_orule
w_hyphen_plr	Hyphen affixed to end	cat-	punct_hyphen_orule
w_comma-nf_plr	Nonformal comma affixed	cat,	punct_comma_informal_orule
w_italright_plr	Italics mark |iยฆ| affixed	catiยฆ	punct_italright_orule
w_italleft_plr	Italics mark |ยฆi| prefixed	ยฆicat	punct_italleft_orule
w_drop-ileft_plr	Ignored italics mark affixed	catiยฆ	punct_drop_ileft_orule
w_drop-iright_plr	Ignored italics mark prefixed	catiยฆ	punct_drop_iright_orule

sb-hd_mc_c	Head+subject, main clause	C arrived.	subjh
sb-hd_nmc_c	Hd+subject, embedded clause	B thought [C arrived].	subjh_nmc
sb-hd_q_c	Hd+subj, in-situ WH	B ate what?	subjh-q
hd-cmp_u_c	Hd+complement	B [hired C].	hcomp
sp-hd_n_c	Hd+specifier, nonhd = sem hd	[Every cat] slept.	hspec
sp-hd_hc_c	Hd+specifier, hd = sem hd	The [very old] cat slept.	hspechc
aj-hd_scp_c	Hd+preceding scopal adjunct	Probably B won.	adjh_s
aj-hd_scp-xp_c	Hd+prec.scop.adj, VP head	B [probably won].	adjh_s_xp
aj-hd_scp-pr_c	Hd+pr.scop.adj, VP hd, prd pnct	If C loses, B wins.	adjh_s_pr
aj-hd_int_c	Hd+prec.intersective adjunct	B [quickly left].	adjh_i
aj-hd_adjh_c	Hd+prec.int.adjnct, hd modified	B [quickly, quietly left].	adj_adjh_i
aj-hd_int-inv_c	Hd+prec.int.adjnct, hd inverted	On Tuesday, can you stay?	adjh_i_inv
aj-hd_int-rel_c	Hd+prec.int.adjnct, hd rel-vp	which [on Tuesday met Kim]	adjh_i_rel
hd-aj_scp_c	Hd+following scopal adjunct	B wins if C loses.	hadj_s_npr
hd-aj_scp-pr_c	Hd+foll.scop.adjnct, paird pnct	B wins, if C loses.	hadj_s
hd-aj_int-unsl_c	Hd+foll.int.adjct, no gap	B [left quietly].	hadj_i_uns
hd-aj_int-sl_c	Hd+foll.int.adjct, gap in adj	That cafe, we [dined in].	hadj_i_s
hd-aj_vmod_c	Hd+foll.int.adjct, prec. NP cmp	B [saw here] a big parade.	vmod_i
hd-aj_vmod-s_c	Hd+foll.scop.adjct, prec. NP cmp	B [saw here] a big parade.	vmod_s
aj-hdn_norm_c	Nominal head + preceding adjnct	The [big cat] slept.	adjn
aj-hdn_adjn_c	NomHd+prec.adj, hd pre-modified	The [big old cat] slept.	adj_adjn
hdn-aj_rc_c	NomHd+following relative clause	The [cat we chased] ran.	nadj_rc
hdn-aj_rc-pr_c	NomHd+foll.rel.cl, paired pnct	A [cat, which ran,] fell.	nadj_rc_pr
hdn-aj_redrel_c	NomHd+foll.predicative phrase	A [cat in a tree] fell.	nadj_rr
hdn-aj_redrel-pr_c	NomHd+foll.prd.phr, paired pnct	A [cat, in a tree,] fell.	nadj_rr_pr
cl_rc-fin-nwh_c	Rel.clause from fin.S, no relpr	The cat [we chased] ran.	fin_non_wh_rel
cl_rc-inf-nwh_c	Rel.cl. fr.infin VP, non-sb gap	People [to admire] sang.	inf_non_wh_rel
cl_rc-inf-nwh-sb_c	Rel.cl. from infin VP, subj gap	Dogs [to chase cats] run.	inf_non_wh_s_rel
cl_rc-instr_c	Rel.cl. fr.inf.VP,no gap, instr	Money [to buy lunch] fell.	instr_non_wh_rel
vp_rc-redrel_c	Rel.cl. from predicative VP	Dogs [chasing cats] bark.	red_rel_vp
hd_optcmp_c	Head discharges optional compl	B [ate] already.	hoptcomp
hdn_optcmp_c	NomHd discharges opt complement	The [picture] appeared.	noptcomp
hd_xcmp_c	Head extracts compl (to SLASH)	Who does B [admire] now?	extracomp
hd_xsb-fin_c	Extract subject from finite hd	Who do you think [went?]	extrasubj_f
hd_xaj-int-vp_c	Extract int.adjunct from VP	Here we [stand.]	extradj_i_vp
hd_xaj-tmp_c	Extract temporal adjnct from VP	the day we [arrived]	extradj_t
flr-hd_nwh_c	Filler-head, non-wh filler	Kim, we should hire.	fillhead_non_wh
flr-hd_nwh-nc_c	Fill-head, non-wh, no comma	Kim we should hire.	fillhead_non_wh_ig
flr-hd_wh-mc_c	Fill-head, wh non-subj, main cl	Who did they hire?	fillhead_wh_r
flr-hd_wh-mc-sb_c	Fill-head, wh subj, main cl	Who left?	fillhead_wh_subj_r
flr-hd_wh-nmc-fin_c	Fill-head, wh, fin hd, embed cl	B wondered [who won.]	fillhead_wh_nr_f
flr-hd_wh-nmc-inf_c	Fill-head, wh, inf hd, embed cl	B knew [who to hire.]	fillhead_wh_nr_i
flr-hd_rel-fin_c	Fill-head, finite, relative cls	people [who slept]	fillhead_rel
flr-hd_rel-inf_c	Fill-head, inf, relative cls	people [on whom to rely]	fillhead_inf_rel
hd_imp_c	Imperative clause from base VP	Hire Browne!	imper
hd_yesno_c	Yes-no question from inverted S	Did B arrive?	yesno
hd_inv-nwh_c	Inverted non-wh declarative cls	Never [has B won here.]	inv_decl
hdn_bnp_c	Bare noun phrase (no determiner)	[Cats] sleep.	bare_np
hdn_bnp-pn_c	Bare NP from proper name	[Browne] arrived.	proper_np
hdn_bnp-num_c	Bare NP from number	[42] is even.	num_np
hdn_bnp-qnt_c	NP from already-quantified dtr	[Some in Paris] slept.	bare_npq
hdn_bnp-sg-nmod_c	NP fr. detless bare sg N-N cpnd	It was at [eye level.]	n_nmod_np
hdn_bnp-sg-jmod_c	NP fr. detless bare sg adj+noun	It was at [close range.]	n_jmod_np
hdn_bnp-sg-nomod_c	NP fr. detless bare sg unmodfd	It was within [range.]	n_nomod_np
hdn_bnp-vger_c	NP from verbal gerund	Hiring them was easy.	bare_vger
np-hdn_cpd_c	Compound from proper-name+noun	The [IBM report] arrived.	np_n_cmpnd
np-hdn_ttl-cpd_c	Compound from title+proper-name	[Professor Browne] left.	np_title_cmpnd
np-hdn_nme-cpd_c	Compound from two proper names	[Pat Browne] left.	np_name_cmpnd
np-hdn_num-cpd_c	Compound from noun+number	Do [problem 6] first.	np_num_cmpnd
np-hdn_cty-cpd_c	Compound from city+state names	[Portland, Oregon] grew.	np_city_state
n-hdn_cpd_c	Compound from two normal nouns	The [guard dog] barked.	noun_n_cmpnd
n-hdn_j-n-cpd_c	Compound from noun+[adj+noun]	kitchen heavy appliance	noun_adjn_cmpnd
n-hdn_ttl-cpd_c	Compound from noun+posthd-title	at Bygdin [mountain lodge]	n_ttl_cmpnd
n-nh_vorj-cpd_c	Compound from noun+verb-or-adj	a [snow-covered] town	n_vora_cmpnd
n-nh_j-cpd_c	Compound from noun+adj	a [dog-friendly] town	n_adj_cmpnd
j-n_n-ed_c	Adj-phr from adj + noun+ed	the [long eared] dog	n-adj_mod
hdn-np_app_c	Appositive NP from two NPs	[Joe the plumber] spoke.	appos_npr
hdn-np_app-pr_c	Appositive fr.two NPs, w/commas	[Joe, the plumber,] spoke.	appos
hdn-np_app-idf_c	Appositive with indef.NP modifr	[Joe, a plumber,] spoke.	appos_i
hdn-np_app-idf-p_c	Appositive, indef.NP, parnthszd	[Joe (a plumber)] spoke.	appos_i_prn
hdn-np_app-nbr_c	Appositive with N-bar modifier	Kim, president of the PTA	appos_nbar
np_adv_c	Modifier phrase from NP	B arrived [this week.]	npadv
np_adv-yr_c	Modifier phrase from year NP	Jan. 11 [2008] arrived.	npadv_y
np_adv-mnp_c	Modifier phrase from measure NP	Markets fell [50 points.]	npadv_mnp
hdn_np-num_c	NP from number	[700 billion] is too much.	num_noun
hdn_num-seq_c	NP from sequence of numbers	The number is [48 205 53.]	num_seq
hdn_color_c	noun from color adjective	[Red] suits you.	color_noun
num-n_mnp_cn	Measure NP from number+noun	A [two liter] jar broke.	measure_np
n-num_mnp_c	Measure NP from meas-symbol+num	We dislike [$6] fuel.	meas_np_symb
n_mnp_c	Measure NP from bare noun	This road is [miles] long.	bare_meas_np
mnp_deg_c	Degree phrase from measure NP	Trees are [5 meters] tall.	meas_np_deg
num_det_c	Determiner from number	[Ten cats] slept.	numdet
num_prt-nc_c	Partitive NP fr.number, no cmp	[Six] were sleeping.	partnum_nc
num_prt-of_c	Partitive fr.number, of_PP cmp	[Six] of them slept.	partnum_of
num_prt-det-nc_c	Partitive fr.det+number, no cmp	[These six] slept.	partnum_n_nc
num_prt-det-of_c	Partitive fr.det+num, of-PP cmp	[The first of them] left.	partnum_n_of
np_prt-poss_c	Partitive fr. possessive NP	[The cat's] is empty.	partnp
np-prdp_vpmod_c	Modifier from pred.small clause	We ran, [Kim petrified].	np_pred
np_voc-post_c	Vocative modifier fr.NP, postmod	Where are we, [Kim?]	vocnp
np_voc-pre_c	Vocative modifier, premod	[Kim,] where are we?	vocnp_l
cl_np-wh_c	NP from WH clause	[What he saw] scared him.	np_wh_s
vp_cp-sb_c	VP requiring non-WH clausal subj	That B won [bothered C.]	cp_subj
vp_cp-sb-inf_c	VP requiring non-WH inf.cls subj	For B to win [bothered C.]	cp_subj_inf
vp_np-ger_c	NP from verbal gerund	Winning money [pleased C.]	vgerund
vp_sbrd-prd-prp_c	Pred.subord phr from prp-VP	Kim arrived, [smiling.]	subconj_prdp_prp
vp_sbrd-prd-pas_c	Pred.subord phr from passive VP	Kim arrived, [inspired.]	subconj_prdp_pas
vp_sbrd-prd-aj_c	Pred.subord phr from adjctv phr	Kim arrived, [very happy.]	subconj_prdp_adj
vp_sbrd-prd-ell_c	Pred.subord phr, modfs ellip.VP	Kim might, [given time.]	subconj_prdp_ell
j_sbrd-pre_c	Pred.subord phr fr.adj, prehead	[Unhappy,] we left.	subconj_ap
vp_sbrd-pre_c	Pred.subord phr fr.VP, prehead	[Seeing Kim] they left.	subconj_vp
vp_sbrd-pre-lx_c	Pred.subord phr fr.lex VP, prehd	[Smiling,] Kim arose.	subconj_vp_lex
hd-cl_fr-rel_c	Free relative clause	We run whenever Kim runs.	freerel_fin
mrk-nh_evnt_c	Marker + event-based complement	B sang [and danced.]	hmarkev
mrk-nh_cl_c	Marker + clause	B sang [and C danced.]	hmarkcl
mrk-nh_ajlex_c	Marker + lexical adjective	Old [and young] cats ran.	hmarkal
mrk-nh_nom_c	Marker + NP	Cats [and some dogs] ran.	hmarknom
mrk-nh_n_c	Marker + N-bar	Every cat [and dog] ran.	hmarkn
mrk-nh_atom_c	Paired marker + phrase	[Both B] and C arrived.	hmarkatom
vp-vp_crd-fin-t_c	Conjnd VP, fin, top	B [sees C and chases D.]	vp_coord_fin_top
vp-vp_crd-fin-m_c	Conjnd VP, fin, mid	B rose, [sang, & chased D.]	vp_coord_fin_mid
vp-vp_crd-fin-im_c	Conjnd VP, fin, mid, no comma	B rose [sang & chased D.]	vp_coord_fin_mid_ig
vp-vp_crd-nfin-t_c	Conjnd VP, nonfin, top	B'll [see C and chase D.]	vp_coord_nonfin_top
vp-vp_crd-nfin-m_c	Conjnd VP, nonfin, mid	B'll rise, [sing, & see D.]	vp_coord_nonfin_mid
vp-vp_crd-nfin-im_c	Conjnd VP, nonfin, mid, no comma	B'll rise [sing & see D.]	vp_coord_nonfin_mid_ig
v-v_crd-fin-ncj_c	Conjnd V,VP, fin, no conjunctn	B [sees C, chases D.]	v_coord_fin_top_noconj
cl-cl_crd-t_c	Conjoined clauses, non-int, top	B sang and C danced.	s_coord_top
cl-cl_crd-int-t_c	Conjnd clauses, interrog, top	Who sang and who danced?	s_coord_int_top
cl-cl_crd-m_c	Conjoined clauses, mid	B sang, [C ran, & D sat.]	s_coord_mid
cl-cl_crd-im_c	Conjoined clauses, no cma, mid	B sang, [C ran & D sat.]	s_coord_mid_ig
cl-cl_crd-rc-t_c	Conjoined relative clauses	people [who fly & who run]	rc_coord_top
pp-pp_crd-t_c	Conjnd PP, top	B is [in Paris and at work]	pp_coord_top
pp-pp_crd-m_c	Conjnd PP, mid	B's [here, in P, & at work]	pp_coord_mid
pp-pp_crd-im_c	Conjnd PP, mid, no comma	B's [here, in P & at work]	pp_coord_mid_ig
r-r_crd-t_c	Conjoined adjectve phrases, top	[old and young] cats	adv_coord_top
r-r_crd-m_c	Conjoined adjectve phrases, mid	big, [old, and sad] cats	adv_coord_mid
r-r_crd-im_c	Conjoined APs, no comma, mid	big, [old and sad] cats	adv_coord_mid_ig
np-np_crd-t_c	Conjoined noun phrases, top	[The cat and the dog] ran.	np_coord_top
np-np_crd-i-t_c	Conjoined accus-case pro and NP	[Me and Kim] left.	np_coord_top_ig1
np-np_crd-i2-t_c	Conjoined NP and accus-case pro	[Kim and me] left.	np_coord_top_ig2
np-np_crd-i3-t_c	Conjoined NP and nom-case pro	B saw [Kim and I].	np_coord_top_ig3
np-np_crd-m_c	Conjoined noun phrases, mid	Kim, [Pat, and Tom] ran.	np_coord_mid
np-np_crd-im_c	Conjoined NPs, no comma, mid	Kim, [Pat and Tom] ran.	np_coord_mid_ig
np-np_crd-nc-t_c	Conjoined NPs, no comma, top	Buy [tapes, films.]	np_coord_top_noconj
np-np_crd-nc-m_c	Conjoined NPs, no comma, mid	Buy books, [tapes, films.]	np_coord_mid_noconj
n-n_crd-nc-m_c	Conjoined nouns, no comma, mid	Buy a book, [tape, film.]	n_coord_mid_noconj
n-n_crd-t_c	Conjnd Ns, sym agr, div, top	The [cats and dogs] ran.	n_coord_top
n-n_crd-2-t_c	Conjnd Ns, sym agr, nondiv, top	The [cat and dog] ran.	n_coord_top_2
n-n_crd-3-t_c	Conjnd Ns, single referent, top	My [friend and guide] ran.	n_coord_top_3
n-n_crd-m_c	Conjoined N-bars, mid	No cat, [dog, or rat] ran.	n_coord_mid
n-n_crd-im_c	Conjoined N-bars, no comma, mid	No cat, [dog or rat] ran.	n_coord_mid_ig
n-n_crd-asym-t_c	Conjnd Ns, asym agr, sg+pl, top	The [cat and dogs] ran.	n_coord_asym_top
n-n_crd-asym2-t_c	Conjnd Ns, asym agr, pl+sg, top	The [cats and dog] ran.	n_coord_asym_top2
n-j_crd-t_c	Conjoined noun +adjective	[marble and wooden] stairs	noun_adj_coord_top
j-n_crd-t_c	Conjoined adjective + noun	[wooden and marble] stairs	adj_noun_coord_top
j-j_crd-att-t_c	Conjnd attrib adjectives, top	the [old and young] cats	adj_attr_coord_top
j-j_crd-prd-t_c	Conjnd pred adjs, top	B is [young and tall].	adj_pred_coord_top
j-j_crd-prd-m_c	Conjnd pred adjs, mid	B is old, [big, and tall].	adj_pred_coord_mid
j-j_crd-prd-im_c	Conjnd pred adjs, no comma, mid	B is old, [big and tall].	adj_pred_coord_mid_ig
jpr-jpr_crd-t_c	Conjnd subord prd phr, adj, top	B ran, [happy but tired.]	ap_predp_coord_top
jpr-jpr_crd-m_c	Conjnd subord prd phr, adj, mid	B ran, hot, [fit, and low]	ap_predp_coord_mid
jpr-jpr_crd-im_c	Conjnd sbrd phr, adj,no-cma, mid	B ran, hot, [fit and low.]	ap_predp_coord_mid_ig
jpr-vpr_crd-t_c	Conjnd sbrd prd phr, adj,V, top	B ran, [happy and freed.]	ap_vp_predp_coord_top
jpr-vpr_crd-m_c	Conjnd sbrd prd phr, adj,V, mid	B ran, hot, [fit, and lit.]	ap_vp_predp_coord_mid
jpr-vpr_crd-im_c	Conjnd sbd phr, adj,V,no-cma, mid	B ran, hot, [fit and lit.]	ap_vp_predp_coord_mid_ig
vppr-vppr_crd-t_c	Conjnd subord prd phr, VP, top	B ran, [feared and loved.]	vp_predp_coord_top
vppr-vppr_crd-m_c	Conjnd subord prd phr, VP, mid	B ran, torn, [bent, & cut]	vp_predp_coord_mid
vppr-vppr_crd-im_c	Conjnd sbrd phr, VP, no-cma, mid	B ran, torn, [bent & cut.]	vp_predp_coord_mid_ig
vpr-vpr_crd-t_c	Conjnd sbrd phr, V, onecomp, top	B ran, [seeing & doing X.]	v_predp_coord_top
vpr-vpr_crd-m_c	Conjnd sbrd phr, V, onecomp, mid	B Vd, Xng, [Yng, & doing X]	v_predp_coord_mid
vpr-vpr_crd-im_c	Conjnd sbrd phr, V, no-cma, mid	B Vd, Xng, [Yng & doing X.]	v_predp_coord_mid_ig
ppr-ppr_crd-t_c	Conjnd sbrd prd phr, PP+XP, top	B ran, [in Rome but lost.]	pp_predp_coord_top
ppr-ppr_crd-m_c	Conjnd sbrd prd phr, PP+XP, mid	B ran, sad, [in R, & lost]	pp_predp_coord_mid
ppr-ppr_crd-im_c	Conjnd sbrd PP+XP, no-cma, mid	B ran, sad, [in R & lost]	pp_predp_coord_mid_ig
hd-hd_rnr_c	Right-node raising	B is under or replaced by C	rnr
np_frg_c	Fragment NP	The cat.	frag_np
np_nb-frg_c	Fragment N-bar	Angry cat.	frag_nbar
pp_frg_c	Fragment PP	In Paris.	frag_pp_i
j_frg_c	Fragment adjective phrase	Angry at dogs.	frag_adj
r_scp-frg_c	Fragment scopal adverb phrase	Probably.	frag_adv
r_int-frg_c	Fragment intersective adverb	Quietly.	frag_int_adv
r_dsc-frg_c	Fragment discourse adverb	Yes.	frag_dadv
r_cl-frg_c	Fragment clausal adverb	Because we left.	frag_cl_adv
cl_cnj-frg_c	Fragment clause with conjunctn	And Kim stayed.	frag_s_conj
vp_fin-frg_c	Fragment finite VP	Chases cats.	frag_vp
vp_nfin-frg_c	Fragment nonfinite VP	To chase cats.	frag_vp_nonfin
cl_cp-frg_c	Fragment embedded clause	That it chases cats.	frag_sbar
cl_rel-frg_c	Fragment relative cluase	Which we assumed.	frag_relcl
aj-np_frg_c	Fragment scopal modifier + NP	Probably Browne.	frag_l_mod_np
aj-np_int-frg_c	Fragment intersctv modif + NP	On Tuesday, the cat.	frag_l_mod_i_np
aj-pp_frg_c	Fragment scopal modif + PP	Probably in Paris.	frag_l_mod_pp
aj-r_frg_c	Fragment scopal mod + adverbial	Maybe, if we can.	frag_l_mod_adv
np-aj_frg_c	Fragment NP + scopal modifier	The cats, probably.	frag_r_mod_np
np-aj_rorp-frg_c	Fragment NP + PP or intsctv adv	Many problems afterwards.	frag_r_mod_np_i
np-aj_j-frg_c	Fragment NP + adjective phrase	Pizza ready.	frag_r_mod_np_a
nb-aj_frg_c	Fragment N-bar + scopal modif	Cat : a feline.	frag_r_mod_nbar
pp-aj_frg_c	Fragment PP + scopal modifier	In Paris before we left.	frag_r_mod_s_pp
j-aj_frg_c	Fragment adjectv + scopal modif	Unhappy if they leave.	frag_r_mod_ap
hdn-cl_prnth_c	NomHd + parenthetical clause	[Cats (they snore)] slept.	paren_float_s
hdn-n_prnth_c	NomHd + parenthetical N-bar	[Some guy (democrat)] ran.	paren_float_n
hdn-cl_dsh_c	NomHd + dash-marked clause	[Cats - they snore - ] ran.	dash_float_s
hd-pct_c	Head + punctuation token	B [arrived -] C left.	punct_hinit
cl-cl_runon_c	Run-on sentence w/two clauses	B arrived; C left.	runon_s
cl-cl_runon-cma_c	Run-on sentence, comma-joined	B arrived, C left.	runon_sc
cl-np_runon_c	Run-on sentence fr.clause + NP	B arrived; disaster.	runon_np
cl-np_runon-prn_c	Run-on S fr.clause + parenth NP	B arrived (disaster).	runon_np_p
w-w_fw-seq-m_c	Seq. of italic/foreign wds, mid	[amo amas] amat	fw_seq_l
w-w_fw-seq-t_c	NP fr.seq.of italic/foreign wds	[[amo amas] amat]	fw_seq_r