faster rand(TaskLocalRNG(), 1:n) by outlining throw (JuliaLang#58306)

In JuliaLang#58089, this method took a small performance hit in some contexts. It
turns out that by outlining the unlikely branch which throws on empty
ranges, this hit can be recovered.

In
JuliaLang#50509 (comment), a
graph of the performance improvement of the "speed-up randperm by using
our current rand(1:n)" was posted, but I realized it was only true when
calls to `rand(1:n)` were prefixed by `@inline`; without `@inline` it
was overall slower for `TaskLocalRNG()` for very big arrays (but still
faster otherwise).

An alternative to these `@inline` annotation is to outline `throw` like
here, for equivalent benefits as `@inline` in that `randperm` PR.

Assuming that PR is merged, this PR improves roughly performance by 2x
for `TaskLocalRNG()` (no change for other RNGs):

![new-shuffle-outlinethrow](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/8c0d4740-3bb4-4bcf-a49d-9af09426bec7)

While at it, I outlined a bunch of other unliky throwing branches.

After that, JuliaLang#50509 can probably be merged, finally!

Author: rfourquet

stdlib/Random/src/Random.jl

@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ using Base: BitInteger, BitInteger_types, BitUnsigned, require_one_based_indexin
 =======
 >>>>>>> 856025e8c6 (Random: make a new "strong" RNG using SHA)
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+=======
+using Base: BitInteger, BitInteger_types, BitUnsigned, require_one_based_indexing,
+    _throw_argerror
+
+>>>>>>> 5af63ffaa3 (faster `rand(TaskLocalRNG(), 1:n)` by outlining `throw` (#58306))
 import Base: copymutable, copy, copy!, ==, hash, convert,
              rand, randn, show