Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#32434: lint: Remove string exclusion from locale check

fa24fdc lint: Remove string exclusion from locale check (MarcoFalke)

Pull request description:

  The exclusion isn't needed. In fact, it prevents detection of `"bla" + wrong()`.

  For example, the following is not detected:

  ```diff
  diff --git a/src/wallet/rpc/addresses.cpp b/src/wallet/rpc/addresses.cpp
  index 1c2951d..c1209013e5 100644
  --- a/src/wallet/rpc/addresses.cpp
  +++ b/src/wallet/rpc/addresses.cpp
  @@ -336,7 +336,8 @@ RPCHelpMan addmultisigaddress()
   RPCHelpMan keypoolrefill()
   {
       return RPCHelpMan{"keypoolrefill",
  -                "\nFills the keypool."+
  +                "\nRefills each descriptor keypool in the wallet up to the specified number of new keys.\n"
  +                "By default, descriptor wallets have 4 active ranged descriptors (\"legacy\", \"p2sh-segwit\", \"bech32\", and \"bech32m\"), each with " + std::to_string(DEFAULT_KEYPOOL_SIZE) + " entries.\n" +
           HELP_REQUIRING_PASSPHRASE,
                   {
                       {"newsize", RPCArg::Type::NUM, RPCArg::DefaultHint{strprintf("%u, or as set by -keypool", DEFAULT_KEYPOOL_SIZE)}, "The new keypool size"},
  ```

  Fix the script by detecting it.

ACKs for top commit:
  laanwj:
    Code review ACK fa24fdc.
  rkrux:
    ACK fa24fdc
  w0xlt:
    ACK bitcoin/bitcoin@fa24fdc

Tree-SHA512: cb7e6ed9fec5d2089e94031329ebf26b83a1814ffbbbca94f7527c127bc759d13c0f4ea79b71ff7f5f009d071dcf01958c8921163d6dc5e1ae6256cc40b57eea

Author: fanquake

doc/developer-notes.md

@@ -1013,34 +1013,6 @@ Strings and formatting
 
   - *Rationale*: These functions do overflow checking and avoid pesky locale issues.
 
-- Avoid using locale dependent functions if possible. You can use the provided
-  [`lint-locale-dependence.py`](/test/lint/lint-locale-dependence.py)
-  to check for accidental use of locale dependent functions.
-
-  - *Rationale*: Unnecessary locale dependence can cause bugs that are very tricky to isolate and fix.
-
-  - These functions are known to be locale dependent:
-    `alphasort`, `asctime`, `asprintf`, `atof`, `atoi`, `atol`, `atoll`, `atoq`,
-    `btowc`, `ctime`, `dprintf`, `fgetwc`, `fgetws`, `fprintf`, `fputwc`,
-    `fputws`, `fscanf`, `fwprintf`, `getdate`, `getwc`, `getwchar`, `isalnum`,
-    `isalpha`, `isblank`, `iscntrl`, `isdigit`, `isgraph`, `islower`, `isprint`,
-    `ispunct`, `isspace`, `isupper`, `iswalnum`, `iswalpha`, `iswblank`,
-    `iswcntrl`, `iswctype`, `iswdigit`, `iswgraph`, `iswlower`, `iswprint`,
-    `iswpunct`, `iswspace`, `iswupper`, `iswxdigit`, `isxdigit`, `mblen`,
-    `mbrlen`, `mbrtowc`, `mbsinit`, `mbsnrtowcs`, `mbsrtowcs`, `mbstowcs`,
-    `mbtowc`, `mktime`, `putwc`, `putwchar`, `scanf`, `snprintf`, `sprintf`,
-    `sscanf`, `stoi`, `stol`, `stoll`, `strcasecmp`, `strcasestr`, `strcoll`,
-    `strfmon`, `strftime`, `strncasecmp`, `strptime`, `strtod`, `strtof`,
-    `strtoimax`, `strtol`, `strtold`, `strtoll`, `strtoq`, `strtoul`,
-    `strtoull`, `strtoumax`, `strtouq`, `strxfrm`, `swprintf`, `tolower`,
-    `toupper`, `towctrans`, `towlower`, `towupper`, `ungetwc`, `vasprintf`,
-    `vdprintf`, `versionsort`, `vfprintf`, `vfscanf`, `vfwprintf`, `vprintf`,
-    `vscanf`, `vsnprintf`, `vsprintf`, `vsscanf`, `vswprintf`, `vwprintf`,
-    `wcrtomb`, `wcscasecmp`, `wcscoll`, `wcsftime`, `wcsncasecmp`, `wcsnrtombs`,
-    `wcsrtombs`, `wcstod`, `wcstof`, `wcstoimax`, `wcstol`, `wcstold`,
-    `wcstoll`, `wcstombs`, `wcstoul`, `wcstoull`, `wcstoumax`, `wcswidth`,
-    `wcsxfrm`, `wctob`, `wctomb`, `wctrans`, `wctype`, `wcwidth`, `wprintf`
-
 - For `strprintf`, `LogInfo`, `LogDebug`, etc formatting characters don't need size specifiers.
 
   - *Rationale*: Bitcoin Core uses tinyformat, which is type safe. Leave them out to avoid confusion.

test/lint/lint-locale-dependence.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# Copyright (c) 2018-2022 The Bitcoin Core developers
+# Copyright (c) 2018-present The Bitcoin Core developers
 # Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 # file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 #
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 
 KNOWN_VIOLATIONS = [
     "src/dbwrapper.cpp:.*vsnprintf",
+    "src/span.h:.*printf",
     "src/test/fuzz/locale.cpp:.*setlocale",
     "src/test/util_tests.cpp:.*strtoll",
     "src/util/syserror.cpp:.*strerror",      # Outside this function use `SysErrorString`
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@
 def find_locale_dependent_function_uses():
     regexp_locale_dependent_functions = "|".join(LOCALE_DEPENDENT_FUNCTIONS)
     exclude_args = [":(exclude)" + excl for excl in REGEXP_EXTERNAL_DEPENDENCIES_EXCLUSIONS]
-    git_grep_command = ["git", "grep", "-E", "[^a-zA-Z0-9_\\`'\"<>](" +  regexp_locale_dependent_functions + ")(_r|_s)?[^a-zA-Z0-9_\\`'\"<>]", "--", "*.cpp", "*.h"] + exclude_args
+    git_grep_command = ["git", "grep", "--extended-regexp", "[^a-zA-Z0-9_\\`'\"<>](" +  regexp_locale_dependent_functions + ")(_r|_s)?\\(", "--", "*.cpp", "*.h"] + exclude_args
     git_grep_output = list()
 
     try:
@@ -234,8 +235,8 @@ def main():
 
     for locale_dependent_function in LOCALE_DEPENDENT_FUNCTIONS:
         matches =  [line for line in git_grep_output
-                    if re.search("[^a-zA-Z0-9_\\`'\"<>]" + locale_dependent_function + "(_r|_s)?[^a-zA-Z0-9_\\`'\"<>]", line)
-                    and not re.search("\\.(c|cpp|h):\\s*(//|\\*|/\\*|\").*" + locale_dependent_function, line)
+                    if re.search("[^a-zA-Z0-9_\\`'\"<>]" + locale_dependent_function + "(_r|_s)?\\(", line)
+                    and not re.search("\\.(c|cpp|h):\\s*//.*" + locale_dependent_function, line)
                     and not re.search(regexp_ignore_known_violations, line)]
         if matches:
             print(f"The locale dependent function {locale_dependent_function}(...) appears to be used:")