xfs, iomap: limit individual ioend chain lengths in writeback

Trond Myklebust reported soft lockups in XFS IO completion such as
this:

 watchdog: BUG: soft lockup - CPU#12 stuck for 23s! [kworker/12:1:3106]
 CPU: 12 PID: 3106 Comm: kworker/12:1 Not tainted 4.18.0-305.10.2.el8_4.x86_64 #1
 Workqueue: xfs-conv/md127 xfs_end_io [xfs]
 RIP: 0010:_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x11/0x20
 Call Trace:
  wake_up_page_bit+0x8a/0x110
  iomap_finish_ioend+0xd7/0x1c0
  iomap_finish_ioends+0x7f/0xb0
  xfs_end_ioend+0x6b/0x100 [xfs]
  xfs_end_io+0xb9/0xe0 [xfs]
  process_one_work+0x1a7/0x360
  worker_thread+0x1fa/0x390
  kthread+0x116/0x130
  ret_from_fork+0x35/0x40

Ioends are processed as an atomic completion unit when all the
chained bios in the ioend have completed their IO. Logically
contiguous ioends can also be merged and completed as a single,
larger unit.  Both of these things can be problematic as both the
bio chains per ioend and the size of the merged ioends processed as
a single completion are both unbound.

If we have a large sequential dirty region in the page cache,
write_cache_pages() will keep feeding us sequential pages and we
will keep mapping them into ioends and bios until we get a dirty
page at a non-sequential file offset. These large sequential runs
can will result in bio and ioend chaining to optimise the io
patterns. The pages iunder writeback are pinned within these chains
until the submission chaining is broken, allowing the entire chain
to be completed. This can result in huge chains being processed
in IO completion context.

We get deep bio chaining if we have large contiguous physical
extents. We will keep adding pages to the current bio until it is
full, then we'll chain a new bio to keep adding pages for writeback.
Hence we can build bio chains that map millions of pages and tens of
gigabytes of RAM if the page cache contains big enough contiguous
dirty file regions. This long bio chain pins those pages until the
final bio in the chain completes and the ioend can iterate all the
chained bios and complete them.

OTOH, if we have a physically fragmented file, we end up submitting
one ioend per physical fragment that each have a small bio or bio
chain attached to them. We do not chain these at IO submission time,
but instead we chain them at completion time based on file
offset via iomap_ioend_try_merge(). Hence we can end up with unbound
ioend chains being built via completion merging.

XFS can then do COW remapping or unwritten extent conversion on that
merged chain, which involves walking an extent fragment at a time
and running a transaction to modify the physical extent information.
IOWs, we merge all the discontiguous ioends together into a
contiguous file range, only to then process them individually as
discontiguous extents.

This extent manipulation is computationally expensive and can run in
a tight loop, so merging logically contiguous but physically
discontigous ioends gains us nothing except for hiding the fact the
fact we broke the ioends up into individual physical extents at
submission and then need to loop over those individual physical
extents at completion.

Hence we need to have mechanisms to limit ioend sizes and
to break up completion processing of large merged ioend chains:

1. bio chains per ioend need to be bound in length. Pure overwrites
go straight to iomap_finish_ioend() in softirq context with the
exact bio chain attached to the ioend by submission. Hence the only
way to prevent long holdoffs here is to bound ioend submission
sizes because we can't reschedule in softirq context.

2. iomap_finish_ioends() has to handle unbound merged ioend chains
correctly. This relies on any one call to iomap_finish_ioend() being
bound in runtime so that cond_resched() can be issued regularly as
the long ioend chain is processed. i.e. this relies on mechanism #1
to limit individual ioend sizes to work correctly.

3. filesystems have to loop over the merged ioends to process
physical extent manipulations. This means they can loop internally,
and so we break merging at physical extent boundaries so the
filesystem can easily insert reschedule points between individual
extent manipulations.

Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reported-and-tested-by: Trond Myklebust <trondmy@hammerspace.com>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>

Author: Dave Chinner

fs/iomap/buffered-io.c

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "../internal.h"
 
+#define IOEND_BATCH_SIZE	4096
+
 /*
  * Structure allocated for each folio when block size < folio size
  * to track sub-folio uptodate status and I/O completions.
@@ -1039,7 +1041,7 @@ static void iomap_finish_folio_write(struct inode *inode, struct folio *folio,
  * state, release holds on bios, and finally free up memory.  Do not use the
  * ioend after this.
  */
-static void
+static u32
 iomap_finish_ioend(struct iomap_ioend *ioend, int error)
 {
 	struct inode *inode = ioend->io_inode;
@@ -1048,6 +1050,7 @@ iomap_finish_ioend(struct iomap_ioend *ioend, int error)
 	u64 start = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector;
 	loff_t offset = ioend->io_offset;
 	bool quiet = bio_flagged(bio, BIO_QUIET);
+	u32 folio_count = 0;
 
 	for (bio = &ioend->io_inline_bio; bio; bio = next) {
 		struct folio_iter fi;
@@ -1062,9 +1065,11 @@ iomap_finish_ioend(struct iomap_ioend *ioend, int error)
 			next = bio->bi_private;
 
 		/* walk all folios in bio, ending page IO on them */
-		bio_for_each_folio_all(fi, bio)
+		bio_for_each_folio_all(fi, bio) {
 			iomap_finish_folio_write(inode, fi.folio, fi.length,
 					error);
+			folio_count++;
+		}
 		bio_put(bio);
 	}
 	/* The ioend has been freed by bio_put() */
@@ -1074,20 +1079,36 @@ iomap_finish_ioend(struct iomap_ioend *ioend, int error)
 "%s: writeback error on inode %lu, offset %lld, sector %llu",
 			inode->i_sb->s_id, inode->i_ino, offset, start);
 	}
+	return folio_count;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Ioend completion routine for merged bios. This can only be called from task
+ * contexts as merged ioends can be of unbound length. Hence we have to break up
+ * the writeback completions into manageable chunks to avoid long scheduler
+ * holdoffs. We aim to keep scheduler holdoffs down below 10ms so that we get
+ * good batch processing throughput without creating adverse scheduler latency
+ * conditions.
+ */
 void
 iomap_finish_ioends(struct iomap_ioend *ioend, int error)
 {
 	struct list_head tmp;
+	u32 completions;
+
+	might_sleep();
 
 	list_replace_init(&ioend->io_list, &tmp);
-	iomap_finish_ioend(ioend, error);
+	completions = iomap_finish_ioend(ioend, error);
 
 	while (!list_empty(&tmp)) {
+		if (completions > IOEND_BATCH_SIZE * 8) {
+			cond_resched();
+			completions = 0;
+		}
 		ioend = list_first_entry(&tmp, struct iomap_ioend, io_list);
 		list_del_init(&ioend->io_list);
-		iomap_finish_ioend(ioend, error);
+		completions += iomap_finish_ioend(ioend, error);
 	}
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(iomap_finish_ioends);
@@ -1108,6 +1129,18 @@ iomap_ioend_can_merge(struct iomap_ioend *ioend, struct iomap_ioend *next)
 		return false;
 	if (ioend->io_offset + ioend->io_size != next->io_offset)
 		return false;
+	/*
+	 * Do not merge physically discontiguous ioends. The filesystem
+	 * completion functions will have to iterate the physical
+	 * discontiguities even if we merge the ioends at a logical level, so
+	 * we don't gain anything by merging physical discontiguities here.
+	 *
+	 * We cannot use bio->bi_iter.bi_sector here as it is modified during
+	 * submission so does not point to the start sector of the bio at
+	 * completion.
+	 */
+	if (ioend->io_sector + (ioend->io_size >> 9) != next->io_sector)
+		return false;
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -1209,8 +1242,10 @@ iomap_alloc_ioend(struct inode *inode, struct iomap_writepage_ctx *wpc,
 	ioend->io_flags = wpc->iomap.flags;
 	ioend->io_inode = inode;
 	ioend->io_size = 0;
+	ioend->io_folios = 0;
 	ioend->io_offset = offset;
 	ioend->io_bio = bio;
+	ioend->io_sector = sector;
 	return ioend;
 }
 
@@ -1251,6 +1286,13 @@ iomap_can_add_to_ioend(struct iomap_writepage_ctx *wpc, loff_t offset,
 		return false;
 	if (sector != bio_end_sector(wpc->ioend->io_bio))
 		return false;
+	/*
+	 * Limit ioend bio chain lengths to minimise IO completion latency. This
+	 * also prevents long tight loops ending page writeback on all the
+	 * folios in the ioend.
+	 */
+	if (wpc->ioend->io_folios >= IOEND_BATCH_SIZE)
+		return false;
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -1335,6 +1377,8 @@ iomap_writepage_map(struct iomap_writepage_ctx *wpc,
 				 &submit_list);
 		count++;
 	}
+	if (count)
+		wpc->ioend->io_folios++;
 
 	WARN_ON_ONCE(!wpc->ioend && !list_empty(&submit_list));
 	WARN_ON_ONCE(!folio_test_locked(folio));

fs/xfs/xfs_aops.c

@@ -136,7 +136,20 @@ xfs_end_ioend(
 	memalloc_nofs_restore(nofs_flag);
 }
 
-/* Finish all pending io completions. */
+/*
+ * Finish all pending IO completions that require transactional modifications.
+ *
+ * We try to merge physical and logically contiguous ioends before completion to
+ * minimise the number of transactions we need to perform during IO completion.
+ * Both unwritten extent conversion and COW remapping need to iterate and modify
+ * one physical extent at a time, so we gain nothing by merging physically
+ * discontiguous extents here.
+ *
+ * The ioend chain length that we can be processing here is largely unbound in
+ * length and we may have to perform significant amounts of work on each ioend
+ * to complete it. Hence we have to be careful about holding the CPU for too
+ * long in this loop.
+ */
 void
 xfs_end_io(
 	struct work_struct	*work)
@@ -157,6 +170,7 @@ xfs_end_io(
 		list_del_init(&ioend->io_list);
 		iomap_ioend_try_merge(ioend, &tmp);
 		xfs_end_ioend(ioend);
+		cond_resched();
 	}
 }
 

include/linux/iomap.h

@@ -263,9 +263,11 @@ struct iomap_ioend {
 	struct list_head	io_list;	/* next ioend in chain */
 	u16			io_type;
 	u16			io_flags;	/* IOMAP_F_* */
+	u32			io_folios;	/* folios added to ioend */
 	struct inode		*io_inode;	/* file being written to */
 	size_t			io_size;	/* size of the extent */
 	loff_t			io_offset;	/* offset in the file */
+	sector_t		io_sector;	/* start sector of ioend */
 	struct bio		*io_bio;	/* bio being built */
 	struct bio		io_inline_bio;	/* MUST BE LAST! */
 };