[FIX] Fix SyntaxWarnings from matplotlib raw string (#150)

HumphreyYang · web-flow · commit ab7f62fc30df · 2025-02-24T19:34:42.000+11:00
diff --git a/lectures/ar1_processes.md b/lectures/ar1_processes.md
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ for t in range(sim_length):
     mu = a * mu + b
     v = a**2 * v + c**2
     ax.plot(grid, norm.pdf(grid, loc=mu, scale=np.sqrt(v)),
-            label=f"$\psi_{t}$",
+            label=fr"$\psi_{t}$",
             alpha=0.7)
 
 ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=[1.05,1],loc=2,borderaxespad=1)
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ plot_density_seq(ax, mu_0=4.0)
 mu_star = b / (1 - a)
 std_star = np.sqrt(c**2 / (1 - a**2))  # v_star的平方根
 psi_star = norm.pdf(grid, loc=mu_star, scale=std_star)
-ax.plot(grid, psi_star, 'k-', lw=2, label="$\psi^*$")
+ax.plot(grid, psi_star, 'k-', lw=2, label=r"$\psi^*$")
 ax.legend()
 
 plt.show()
diff --git a/lectures/cobweb.md b/lectures/cobweb.md
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ def plot45(model, pmin, pmax, p0, num_arrows=5):
 
     ax.plot(pgrid, g(model, pgrid), 'b-',
             lw=2, alpha=0.6, label='g')
-    ax.plot(pgrid, pgrid, lw=1, alpha=0.7, label='$45\degree$')
+    ax.plot(pgrid, pgrid, lw=1, alpha=0.7, label=r'$45\degree$')
 
     x = p0
     xticks = [pmin]
diff --git a/lectures/eigen_I.md b/lectures/eigen_I.md
@@ -204,13 +204,13 @@ def grid_transform(A=np.array([[1, -1], [1, 1]])):
     ax[0].scatter(xygrid[0], xygrid[1], s=36, c=colors, edgecolor="none")
     # ax[0].grid(True)
     # ax[0].axis("equal")
-    ax[0].set_title("点 $x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_k$")
+    ax[0].set_title(r"点 $x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_k$")
 
     # 绘制变换的格点
     ax[1].scatter(uvgrid[0], uvgrid[1], s=36, c=colors, edgecolor="none")
     # ax[1].grid(True)
     # ax[1].axis("equal")
-    ax[1].set_title("点 $Ax_1, Ax_2, \cdots, Ax_k$")
+    ax[1].set_title(r"点 $Ax_1, Ax_2, \cdots, Ax_k$")
 
     plt.show()
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ def circle_transform(A=np.array([[-1, 2], [0, 1]])):
     ax[0].plot(x, y, color='black', zorder=1)
     ax[0].scatter(a_1, b_1, c=colors, alpha=1, s=60,
                   edgecolors='black', zorder=2)
-    ax[0].set_title("在 $\mathbb{R}^2$的单位圆")
+    ax[0].set_title(r"在 $\mathbb{R}^2$的单位圆")
 
     x1 = x.reshape(1, -1)
     y1 = y.reshape(1, -1)
diff --git a/lectures/equalizing_difference.md b/lectures/equalizing_difference.md
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ from sympy import Symbol, Lambda, symbols
 
 
 ```{code-cell} ipython3
-γ_h, γ_c, w_h0, D = symbols('\gamma_h, \gamma_h_c, w_0^h, D', real=True)
+γ_h, γ_c, w_h0, D = symbols(r'\gamma_h, \gamma_h_c, w_0^h, D', real=True)
 R, T = Symbol('R', real=True), Symbol('T', integer=True)
 ```
 
diff --git a/lectures/geom_series.md b/lectures/geom_series.md
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ T_max = 10
 T=np.arange(0, T_max+1)
 
 rs, gs = (0.9, 0.5, 0.4001, 0.4), (0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.5),
-comparisons = ('$\gg$', '$>$', r'$\approx$', '$<$')
+comparisons = ('r$\gg$', '$>$', r'$\approx$', '$<$')
 for r, g, comp in zip(rs, gs, comparisons):
     ax.plot(finite_lease_pv_true(T, g, r, x_0), label=f'r(={r}) {comp} g(={g})')
 
diff --git a/lectures/greek_square.md b/lectures/greek_square.md
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 6), dpi=500)
 axs[0].plot(np.round(ratios_λ1, 6), 
             label=r'$\frac{y_t}{y_{t-1}}$', linewidth=3)
 axs[0].axhline(y=Λ[1], color='red', linestyle='--', 
-               label='$\lambda_2$', alpha=0.5)
+               label=r'$\lambda_2$', alpha=0.5)
 axs[0].set_xlabel('t', size=18)
 axs[0].set_ylabel(r'$\frac{y_t}{y_{t-1}}$', size=18)
 axs[0].set_title(r'$\frac{y_t}{y_{t-1}}$ 在失活 $\lambda_1$之后', 
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ axs[0].legend()
 axs[1].plot(ratios_λ2, label=r'$\frac{y_t}{y_{t-1}}$', 
             linewidth=3)
 axs[1].axhline(y=Λ[0], color='green', linestyle='--', 
-               label='$\lambda_1$', alpha=0.5)
+               label=r'$\lambda_1$', alpha=0.5)
 axs[1].set_xlabel('t', size=18)
 axs[1].set_ylabel(r'$\frac{y_t}{y_{t-1}}$', size=18)
 axs[1].set_title(r'$\frac{y_t}{y_{t-1}}$ 在失活 $\lambda_2$之后', 
diff --git a/lectures/heavy_tails.md b/lectures/heavy_tails.md
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ for ax, s in zip(axes[:2], s_vals):
     data = np.random.randn(n) * s
     ax.plot(list(range(n)), data, linestyle='', marker='o', alpha=0.5, ms=4)
     ax.vlines(list(range(n)), 0, data, lw=0.2)
-    ax.set_title(f"从 $N(0, \sigma^2)$ 抽取，$\sigma = {s}$", fontsize=11)
+    ax.set_title(fr"从 $N(0, \sigma^2)$ 抽取，$\sigma = {s}$", fontsize=11)
 
 ax = axes[2]
 distribution = cauchy()
diff --git a/lectures/inequality.md b/lectures/inequality.md
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ mystnb:
 fix, ax = plot_inequality_measures(σ_vals, 
                                   ginis, 
                                   '模拟数据', 
-                                  '$\sigma$', 
+                                  r'$\sigma$', 
                                   '基尼系数')
 plt.show()
 ```
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ ax.plot(years, df_topshares["topshare_n_wealth"],
 ax.plot(years, df_topshares["topshare_t_income"],
         marker='o', label="总收入")
 ax.set_xlabel("年份")
-ax.set_ylabel("前 $10\%$ 比例")
+ax.set_ylabel(r"前 $10\%$ 比例")
 ax.legend()
 plt.show()
 ```
@@ -908,8 +908,8 @@ mystnb:
 fig, ax = plot_inequality_measures(σ_vals, 
                                   topshares, 
                                   "模拟数据", 
-                                  "$\sigma$", 
-                                  "前 $10\%$ 比例") 
+                                  r"$\sigma$", 
+                                  r"前 $10\%$ 比例") 
 plt.show()
 ```
 
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ mystnb:
 fig, ax = plt.subplots()
 ax.plot([0,1],[0,1], label=f"平等线")
 for i in range(len(f_vals)):
-    ax.plot(f_vals[i], l_vals[i], label=f"$\sigma$ = {σ_vals[i]}")
+    ax.plot(f_vals[i], l_vals[i], label=fr"$\sigma$ = {σ_vals[i]}")
 plt.legend()
 plt.show()
 ```
@@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ ax.plot(years, df_topshares["topshare_n_wealth"], marker='o',   label="净财富
 ax.plot(years, top_shares_nw, marker='o', label="净财富-洛伦兹曲线")
 
 ax.set_xlabel("年份")
-ax.set_ylabel("前 $10\%$ 比例")
+ax.set_ylabel(r"前 $10\%$ 比例")
 ax.legend()
 plt.show()
 ```
diff --git a/lectures/input_output.md b/lectures/input_output.md
@@ -201,9 +201,9 @@ ax.plot(np.linspace(55, 380, 100), (50-0.9*np.linspace(55, 380, 100))/(-1.46), c
 ax.plot(np.linspace(-1, 400, 100), (60+0.16*np.linspace(-1, 400, 100))/0.83, color="r")
 ax.plot(np.linspace(250, 395, 100), (62-0.04*np.linspace(250, 395, 100))/0.33, color="b")
 
-ax.text(130, 38, "$(1-a_{11})x_1 + a_{12}x_2 \geq d_1$", size=10)
-ax.text(10, 105, "$-a_{21}x_1 + (1-a_{22})x_2 \geq d_2$", size=10)
-ax.text(150, 150, "$a_{01}x_1 +a_{02}x_2 \leq x_0$", size=10)
+ax.text(130, 38, r"$(1-a_{11})x_1 + a_{12}x_2 \geq d_1$", size=10)
+ax.text(10, 105, r"$-a_{21}x_1 + (1-a_{22})x_2 \geq d_2$", size=10)
+ax.text(150, 150, r"$a_{01}x_1 +a_{02}x_2 \leq x_0$", size=10)
 
 # 绘制可行区域
 feasible_set = Polygon(np.array([[301, 151],
@@ -445,8 +445,8 @@ ax.vlines(0, -1, 250)
 ax.plot(np.linspace(4.75, 49, 100), (4-0.9*np.linspace(4.75, 49, 100))/(-0.16), color="r")
 ax.plot(np.linspace(0, 50, 100), (33+1.46*np.linspace(0, 50, 100))/0.83, color="r")
 
-ax.text(15, 175, "$(1-a_{11})p_1 - a_{21}p_2 \leq a_{01}w$", size=10)
-ax.text(30, 85, "$-a_{12}p_1 + (1-a_{22})p_2 \leq a_{02}w$", size=10)
+ax.text(15, 175, r"$(1-a_{11})p_1 - a_{21}p_2 \leq a_{01}w$", size=10)
+ax.text(30, 85, r"$-a_{12}p_1 + (1-a_{22})p_2 \leq a_{02}w$", size=10)
 
 # 绘制可行区域
 feasible_set = Polygon(np.array([[17, 69],
diff --git a/lectures/intro_supply_demand.md b/lectures/intro_supply_demand.md
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ ab_grid = np.linspace(a, b, 400)
 fig, ax = plt.subplots()
 ax.plot(x_grid, f(x_grid), label="$f$", color="k")
 ax.fill_between(ab_grid, [0] * len(ab_grid), f(ab_grid), 
-                label="$\int_a^b f(x) dx$")
+                label=r"$\int_a^b f(x) dx$")
 ax.legend()
 plt.show()
 ```
diff --git a/lectures/laffer_adaptive.md b/lectures/laffer_adaptive.md
@@ -237,14 +237,14 @@ def plot_laffer(model, πs):
     # 绘制函数图形
     plt.plot(x_values, y_values, 
             label=f'$exp((-{α})x) - exp(- (1- {α}) x)$')
-    for π, label in zip(πs, ['$\pi_l$', '$\pi_u$']):
+    for π, label in zip(πs, [r'$\pi_l$', r'$\pi_u$']):
         plt.text(π, plt.gca().get_ylim()[0]*2, 
                  label, horizontalalignment='center',
                  color='brown', size=10)
         plt.axvline(π, color='brown', linestyle='--')
     plt.axhline(g, color='red', linewidth=0.5, 
                 linestyle='--', label='g')
-    plt.xlabel('$\pi$')
+    plt.xlabel(r'$\pi$')
     plt.ylabel('铸币税')
     plt.legend()
     plt.grid(True)
@@ -373,15 +373,15 @@ def draw_iterations(π0s, model, line_params, π_bars, num_steps):
             
     axes[2].axhline(y=π_bars[0], color='grey', linestyle='--', lw=1.5, alpha=0.6)
     axes[2].axhline(y=π_bars[1], color='grey', linestyle='--', lw=1.5, alpha=0.6)
-    axes[2].text(num_steps * 1.07, π_bars[0], '$\pi_l$', verticalalignment='center', 
+    axes[2].text(num_steps * 1.07, π_bars[0], r'$\pi_l$', verticalalignment='center', 
                      color='grey', size=10)
-    axes[2].text(num_steps * 1.07, π_bars[1], '$\pi_u$', verticalalignment='center', 
+    axes[2].text(num_steps * 1.07, π_bars[1], r'$\pi_u$', verticalalignment='center', 
                          color='grey', size=10)
 
     axes[0].set_ylabel('$m_t$')
     axes[1].set_ylabel('$p_t$')
-    axes[2].set_ylabel('$\pi_t$')
-    axes[3].set_ylabel('$\mu_t$')
+    axes[2].set_ylabel(r'$\pi_t$')
+    axes[3].set_ylabel(r'$\mu_t$')
     axes[3].set_xlabel('时间步')
     axes[3].xaxis.set_major_locator(MaxNLocator(integer=True))
 
diff --git a/lectures/lln_clt.md b/lectures/lln_clt.md
@@ -512,9 +512,9 @@ xmin, xmax = -3 * σ, 3 * σ
 ax.set_xlim(xmin, xmax)
 ax.hist(Y, bins=60, alpha=0.4, density=True)
 ax.set_xlabel(r"$Y_n$", size=12)
-ax.set_ylabel(r"$密度$", size=12)
+ax.set_ylabel("密度", size=12)
 xgrid = np.linspace(xmin, xmax, 200)
-ax.plot(xgrid, st.norm.pdf(xgrid, scale=σ), 'k-', lw=2, label='$N(0, \sigma^2)$')
+ax.plot(xgrid, st.norm.pdf(xgrid, scale=σ), 'k-', lw=2, label=r'$N(0, \sigma^2)$')
 ax.legend()
 
 plt.show()
diff --git a/lectures/markov_chains_II.md b/lectures/markov_chains_II.md
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ for i in range(n):
         # 从不同的 x_0 生成时间序列
         X = mc.simulate(ts_length, init=x0)
         p_hat = (X == i).cumsum() / np.arange(1, ts_length+1)
-        axes[i].plot(p_hat, label=f'$x_0 = \, {x0} $')
+        axes[i].plot(p_hat, label=fr'$x_0 = \, {x0} $')
 
     axes[i].legend()
 plt.tight_layout()
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ for x0 in range(len(P)):
     # 计算每个 n 的失业时间比例
     X_bar = (X == 0).cumsum() / np.arange(1, ts_length+1)
     # 绘图
-    ax.plot(X_bar - p, label=f'$x_0 = \, {x0} $')
+    ax.plot(X_bar - p, label=fr'$x_0 = \, {x0} $')
     ax.set_xlabel('t')
     ax.set_ylabel(r'$\bar X_m - \psi^* (x)$')
     
diff --git a/lectures/money_inflation_nonlinear.md b/lectures/money_inflation_nonlinear.md
@@ -185,14 +185,14 @@ def plot_laffer(model, πs):
     # 绘制函数
     plt.plot(x_values, y_values, 
             label=f'拉弗曲线')
-    for π, label in zip(πs, ['$\pi_l$', '$\pi_u$']):
+    for π, label in zip(πs, [r'$\pi_l$', r'$\pi_u$']):
         plt.text(π, plt.gca().get_ylim()[0]*2, 
                  label, horizontalalignment='center',
                  color='brown', size=10)
         plt.axvline(π, color='brown', linestyle='--')
     plt.axhline(g, color='red', linewidth=0.5, 
                 linestyle='--', label='g')
-    plt.xlabel('$\pi$')
+    plt.xlabel(r'$\pi$')
     plt.ylabel('铸币税')
     plt.legend()
     plt.show()
@@ -365,8 +365,8 @@ def draw_iterations(p0s, model, line_params, p0_bars, num_steps):
     # 绘制标签
     axes[0].set_ylabel('$m_t$')
     axes[1].set_ylabel('$p_t$')
-    axes[2].set_ylabel('$\pi_t$')
-    axes[3].set_ylabel('$\mu_t$')
+    axes[2].set_ylabel(r'$\pi_t$')
+    axes[3].set_ylabel(r'$\mu_t$')
     axes[3].set_xlabel('时间步')
     
     for p_0, label in [(p0_bars[0], '$p_0=p_l$'), (p0_bars[1], '$p_0=p_u$')]:
diff --git a/lectures/olg.md b/lectures/olg.md
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
 ymin, ymax = np.min(k_grid_next), np.max(k_grid_next)
 
 ax.plot(k_grid, k_grid_next,  lw=2, alpha=0.6, label='$g$')
-ax.plot(k_grid, k_grid, 'k-', lw=1, alpha=0.7, label='$45^{\circ}$')
+ax.plot(k_grid, k_grid, 'k-', lw=1, alpha=0.7, label=r'$45^{\circ}$')
 
 
 ax.legend(loc='upper left', frameon=False, fontsize=12)
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
 ymin, ymax = np.min(k_grid_next), np.max(k_grid_next)
 
 ax.plot(k_grid, k_grid_next,  lw=2, alpha=0.6, label='$g$')
-ax.plot(k_grid, k_grid, 'k-', lw=1, alpha=0.7, label='$45^{\circ}$')
+ax.plot(k_grid, k_grid, 'k-', lw=1, alpha=0.7, label=r'$45^{\circ}$')
 
 
 ax.legend(loc='upper left', frameon=False, fontsize=12)
diff --git a/lectures/prob_dist.md b/lectures/prob_dist.md
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ for μ, σ in zip(μ_vals, σ_vals):
     u = scipy.stats.norm(μ, σ)
     ax.plot(x_grid, u.pdf(x_grid),
     alpha=0.5, lw=2,
-    label=f'$\mu={μ}, \sigma={σ}$')
+    label=fr'$\mu={μ}, \sigma={σ}$')
 ax.set_xlabel('x')
 ax.set_ylabel('PDF')
 plt.legend()
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ for μ, σ in zip(μ_vals, σ_vals):
     u = scipy.stats.norm(μ, σ)
     ax.plot(x_grid, u.cdf(x_grid),
     alpha=0.5, lw=2,
-    label=f'$\mu={μ}, \sigma={σ}$')
+    label=fr'$\mu={μ}, \sigma={σ}$')
     ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
 ax.set_xlabel('x')
 ax.set_ylabel('CDF')
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ for μ, σ in zip(μ_vals, σ_vals):
     u = scipy.stats.lognorm(σ, scale=np.exp(μ))
     ax.plot(x_grid, u.pdf(x_grid),
     alpha=0.5, lw=2,
-    label=f'$\mu={μ}, \sigma={σ}$')
+    label=fr'$\mu={μ}, \sigma={σ}$')
 ax.set_xlabel('x')
 ax.set_ylabel('PDF')
 plt.legend()
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ for σ in σ_vals:
     u = scipy.stats.norm(μ, σ)
     ax.plot(x_grid, u.cdf(x_grid),
     alpha=0.5, lw=2,
-    label=f'$\mu={μ}, \sigma={σ}$')
+    label=fr'$\mu={μ}, \sigma={σ}$')
     ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
     ax.set_xlim(0, 3)
 ax.set_xlabel('x')
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ for λ in λ_vals:
     u = scipy.stats.expon(scale=1/λ)
     ax.plot(x_grid, u.pdf(x_grid),
     alpha=0.5, lw=2,
-    label=f'$\lambda={λ}$')
+    label=fr'$\lambda={λ}$')
 ax.set_xlabel('x')
 ax.set_ylabel('PDF')
 plt.legend()
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ for λ in λ_vals:
     u = scipy.stats.expon(scale=1/λ)
     ax.plot(x_grid, u.cdf(x_grid),
     alpha=0.5, lw=2,
-    label=f'$\lambda={λ}$')
+    label=fr'$\lambda={λ}$')
     ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
 ax.set_xlabel('x')
 ax.set_ylabel('CDF')
diff --git a/lectures/simple_linear_regression.md b/lectures/simple_linear_regression.md
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ ax = df.plot(
     x='X', 
     y='Y', 
     kind='scatter', 
-    ylabel='冰淇淋销售额（\$）', 
+    ylabel=r'冰淇淋销售额（\$）', 
     xlabel='摄氏度'
 )
 ```
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ mystnb:
 ---
 fig, ax = plt.subplots()
 ax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y', kind='scatter', ax=ax)
-ax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, label='$\hat Y$')
+ax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, label=r'$\hat Y$')
 plt.show()
 ```
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ mystnb:
 ---
 fig, ax = plt.subplots()
 ax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y', kind='scatter', ax=ax)
-ax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, label='$\hat Y$')
+ax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, label=r'$\hat Y$')
 plt.show()
 ```
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ mystnb:
 ---
 fig, ax = plt.subplots()
 ax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y', kind='scatter', ax=ax)
-yax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, color='g', label='$\hat Y$')
+yax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, color='g', label=r'$\hat Y$')
 plt.show()
 ```
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ mystnb:
 ---
 fig, ax = plt.subplots()
 ax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y', kind='scatter', ax=ax)
-yax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, color='g', label='$\hat Y$')
+yax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, color='g', label=r'$\hat Y$')
 plt.vlines(df['X'], df['Y_hat'], df['Y'], color='r')
 plt.show()
 ```
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ df['error'] = df['Y_hat'] - df['Y']
 
 fig, ax = plt.subplots()
 ax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y', kind='scatter', ax=ax)
-yax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, color='g', label='$\hat Y$')
+yax = df.plot(x='X',y='Y_hat', kind='line', ax=ax, color='g', label=r'$\hat Y$')
 plt.vlines(df['X'], df['Y_hat'], df['Y'], color='r');
 ```
 
diff --git a/lectures/solow.md b/lectures/solow.md
diff --git a/lectures/unpleasant.md b/lectures/unpleasant.md
