staticdata: fix many mistakes in staticdata stripping (#58166)

While #58156 was supposed to be fairly trivial, it ended up uncovering
many bugs in the unusual ways that trimming and binding partition had
been added to the serialization format. This attempts to reorganize them
to be handled more consistently and with fewer mistakes.

(cherry picked from commit 828e3a1)

Author: vtjnash

contrib/generate_precompile.jl

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license
 
 # Prevent this from putting anything into the Main namespace
-@eval Core.Module() begin
+@eval Base module __precompile_script
 
 if Threads.maxthreadid() != 1
     @warn "Running this file with multiple Julia threads may lead to a build error" Threads.maxthreadid()

src/jltypes.c

@@ -3267,9 +3267,9 @@ void jl_init_types(void) JL_GC_DISABLED
                         jl_svec(5, jl_any_type,
                         jl_ulong_type, jl_ulong_type, jl_any_type/*jl_binding_partition_type*/, jl_ulong_type),
                         jl_emptysvec, 0, 1, 0);
-    const static uint32_t binding_partition_atomicfields[] = { 0b01111 }; // Set fields 1, 2, 3, 4 as atomic
+    const static uint32_t binding_partition_atomicfields[] = { 0b01110 }; // Set fields 2, 3, 4 as atomic
     jl_binding_partition_type->name->atomicfields = binding_partition_atomicfields;
-    const static uint32_t binding_partition_constfields[] = { 0x100001 }; // Set fields 1, 5 as constant
+    const static uint32_t binding_partition_constfields[]  = { 0b10001 }; // Set fields 1, 5 as constant
     jl_binding_partition_type->name->constfields = binding_partition_constfields;
 
     jl_binding_type =